Những quy tắc biến đổi từ câu trực tiếp sang câu gián tiếp
Rule
Direct speech (Trực tiếp)
Reported speech (Gián tiếp)




1. Verbs
(Động từ)
Present simple (V/Vs/es)
Past simple (Ved)


Present progressive (is/am/are+Ving)
Past progressive (was/were+Ving)


Present perfect (have/has+VpII)
Past perfect (had+VPII)


Past simple (Ved)
Past perfect (had +VpII)


Past progressive (was/were +Ving)
Past perfect progressive (had +been +Ving)


Past perfect
Past perfect


Future simple (will +V)
Future in the past (would +V)


Near future (is/am/are +going to+V)
Was/were +going to +V

2. Modal verbs
Will
Can
May
Must
Would
Could
Might
Must/Had to

3. Adverb
of place
This
That


These
Those


Here
There

4. Adverb
of time
Now
Then


Today
That day


Yesterday
The day before/ the previous day


The day before yesterday
Two days before


Tomorrow
The day after/the next (following)day


The day after tomorrow
Two days after/ in two days’ time


Ago
Before


This week
That week


Last week
The week before/ the previous week


Last night
The night before


Next week
The week after/ the following week

5. Subject
/Object
I / me
She, he /Her, him


We /us
They/ them


You/you
I, we/ me, us

EXERCISES ON REPORTED SPEECH
Choose the sentence A, B, C or D that best rewrite the root one:
1. “I’m in a bit of a hurry, but I’ll ring you tomorrow,” William said
A. William explained that If he weren’t hurry, he’d ring me tomorrow.
B. William told me that though he was in a bit hurry, but he would ring me the next day.
C. William said he was a bit pressed for time, but that he would bring me the following day
D. William said he was a bit hurry, but he’d ring me the previous day.
2. Her friend will come to see her. (She hoped)
A. She hoped her friend will come to see her B. She hoped her friend would come to see her
C. She hoped her friend comes to see her. D. She hoped her friend came to see her.
3. Tom said: “ I have already had breakfast, so I am not hungry.’
A. Tom said he had already had breakfast, so he is not hungry.
B. Tom said he has already had breakfast, so he is not hungry.
C. Tom said he had already had breakfast, so he was not hungry.
D. Tom said he had already had breakfast, so he was not hungry.
Turn these sentences into Reported speech.
She said,” I have just found my umbrella”→…………………………………………………….
They said, “We are learning English now”→…………………………………………………….
“ My friend is coming next week”, Tom said.→…………………………………………………
“We shall overcome this difficulty”, they said→…………………………………………………
“I am going on holiday tomorrow”, the boy said to his neighbor.
→…………………………………………………….
6. “ I came back here early yesterday,” she said.→…………………………………………………….
7. “ I was watching TV when he arrived”. she said→……………………………………………………
8. “ I will never see you again,” the boy said to the girl.→………………………………………………
9. Johnny said to his mother, “I don’t know how to do this exercise.”
→…………………………………………………….
Using THANK
“Thank you for telling me the news” Jimmy said to me→……………………………………………
“You are very kind to send me flowers” Linda said to tom→………………………………………...
“ It was very kind of you to give me a hitchhike” The man said to us
……………………………………………………………………….
“It was nice of you to do me a favour” He said to me →……………………………………………
Using CONGRATULATE
1. “ Congratulate! You ‘ve won” He said to me→…………………………………………………….
2. “Very good, Tom. You’ve got the job” I said to him→………………………………………………
3.“You’ve won the scholarship. Congratulations!” The teacher said to me
→……………………………………………………………………….
Using DENY
1. No, I didn’t break the vase→…………………………………………………….
2. Never, I have never seen him→…………………………………………………….
3. No, I