BARRON'S
THE TRUSTED NAME IN TEST PREP

TOEFL

Essential Words

EIGHTH EDITION
500 words frequently seen on the TOEFL
Definitions, sample sentences, and practice exercises

An overview of each section of the TOEFL ĨBT and ITP
Practice reading test with answers

Steven J. Matthiesen

Copyright © 2023, 2017
by Kaplan North America, LLC, d/b/a Barron's Educational Series.
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CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION: Success on the TOEFL
Maximizing Your Vocabulary Potential—A Description of This
Program
CHAPTER 1: Getting to Know the TOEFL
What Is the TOEFL?
About the iBT (Internet-Based TOEFL)
About the ITP (Institutional TOEFL Program)
The iBT
Section 1: Reading
Section 2: Listening
Section 3: Speaking
Section 4: Writing
The ITP (The Paper-Based TOEFL)
Section 1: Listening
Section 2: Structure and Written Expression
Section 3: Reading Comprehension
Some Helpful Hints for Both Formats of the TOEFL
CHAPTER 2: Understanding the TOEFL Reading Section
Sample Questions
Strategy for the iBT and ITP TOEFL
CHAPTER 3: Improving Your TOEFL Vocabulary
The Importance of Reading ... A Lot!
Make Word Lists
Learn Words from Old TOEFLs
Learn the Words in This Book
Learn to Use a Thesaurus
CHAPTER 4: Building Your TOEFL Vocabulary

Developing Word Attack Skills
Important Vocabulary Building Tools
CHAPTER 5: The Essential TOEFL Vocabulary
Studying the Word Entries
Answering Phrasal Questions
Lesson 1
Lesson 2
Lesson 3
Lesson 4
Lesson 5
Lesson 6
Lesson 7
Lesson 8
Lesson 9
Lesson 10
Lesson 11
Lesson 12
Lesson 13
Lesson 14
Lesson 15
Lesson 16
Lesson 17
Lesson 18
Lesson 19
Lesson 20
Lesson 21
Lesson 22
Lesson 23
Lesson 24
Lesson 25
Lesson 26
Lesson 27
Lesson 28
Lesson 29

Lesson 30
CHAPTER 6: The iBT Practice Test
General Directions
iBT Reading Section
Scoring Your iBT Practice Test
iBT and ITP Reading Section Score Conversion Tables
Answers to Exercises

INTRODUCTION
SUCCESS ON THE TOEFL
What vocabulary is necessary to score high on the TOEFL?
Why is it especially important to have a strong vocabulary for the current
TOEFL?
Why must I improve my vocabulary and how can I succeed?
How can I be a better TOEFL test taker?
TOEFL Essential Words answers these questions and provides you with a
proven plan for improving your English vocabulary while also preparing
you for the TOEFL. The words and practice questions that appear
throughout this book will help you to maximize your understanding of
words that will likely appear in every section of the TOEFL. Important
information about how to maximize your score on the TOEFL is given in
addition to vocabulary building hints and exercises. By following the
program and mastering the words in this book, you will be ready to earn a
higher score on the TOEFL.
This 8th edition of TOEFL Essential Words has an extensive, revised list
of 500 words with improved exercises and updated reading selections. This
edition makes Essential Words one of the most thoroughly researched books
of its kind. It is the product of extensive study of previous TOEFLs and
academic materials from which the questions on the TOEFL are produced.
The result of this research is this powerful book of words that will lead you
to success on the TOEFL.

MAXIMIZING YOUR VOCABULARY POTENTIAL—A
DESCRIPTION OF THIS PROGRAM
This book is divided into six chapters. This introduction gives you basic
information about their contents and how to use the book. Let's look at the
six chapters.

Getting to Know the iBT

Chapter 1 describes the complete iBT test format and contains sample
questions from each part. The questions are explained in detail and testtaking strategies are introduced.

Understanding the Internet-Based TOEFL
Chapter 2 describes the importance of building a strong vocabulary in order
to score well on the iBT. You will find sample reading passages typical of
those found in Section One of the iBT with a detailed analysis of the kinds
of words and questions that are found on the TOEFL. In this chapter you
will learn important strategies and hints to follow that will increase the
probability of maximizing your score on the TOEFL.

Improving Your TOEFL Vocabulary
Chapter 3 gives you a plan for studying vocabulary. You should use the plan
when studying the words in this book.

Building Your TOEFL Vocabulary
Chapter 4 provides powerful information that helps you build your TOEFL
vocabulary. You will be introduced to “roots, prefixes, and suffixes”; parts
of words that provide or add meaning. You will also be introduced to
dictionary and thesaurus use, both print and online resources that contribute
to any strategy to build your TOEFL vocabulary.

The Essential TOEFL Vocabulary
Barron's TOEFL Vocabulary Building Program is explained in Chapter 5.
The carefully selected words that appear on the list are important for all
TOEFL test takers. An explanation of the program is given, including how
to study the list, how to understand the words, and how to follow the
program from beginning to end. Thirty carefully developed vocabulary
lessons follow the explanation. Each lesson ends with practice questions
like those that appear on both the iBT and the ITP, the paper-based TOEFL.

The iBT Practice Reading Test
Chapter 6 contains a complete practice iBT reading test, typical of those
found in Section 3 of the TOEFL. The test gives you practice with reading

comprehension and vocabulary questions that closely follow the iBT
format. At the conclusion of the practice test, you will be able to assess
your iBT knowledge and skills by using the included answer key and
conversion tables to convert your number of correct answers to a score on
the TOEFL scale. Both the iBT and ITP scales are included.

A Final Word
This 8th edition of TOEFL Essential Words is
a product of more than 25
years of research and continuous updating. Among the thousands
of words
that professional TOEFL test makers can use, this edition of TOEFL
Essential Words includes those that are most
likely to appear on the
Internet-based TOEFL (iBT) and on the Institutional TOEFL (ITP).
By
mastering the words and applying the strategies presented in this book, you
will be
well on your way to success on the TOEFL.
Steven Matthiesen
Welcome to Barron's Essential Words for the TOEFL, e-Book version.
This e-Book appears differently depending on what device you are
using, so set your preferences before continuing.
You will find several hundred hyperlinks throughout this e-Book that
will help you navigate through its content, take you to extra resources,
and allow you to click between all practice questions and their answers
explained.
Good luck!

CHAPTER
1
GETTING TO KNOW THE TOEFL
WHAT IS THE
TOEFL?
The TOEFL is a comprehensive English language examination that helps
colleges and universities in the United States, Canada, and other parts of the
world
make admission decisions. It is also used by some organizations to
certify professionals
to practice their vocations both in the United States
and abroad.

ABOUT
THE
iBT (INTERNET-BASED
TOEFL)
Many years ago, the TOEFL was administered only in a paper-based
format.
Examinees marked their answers with a pencil on an answer sheet.
The test primarily
assessed listening comprehension, grammar, vocabulary,
and reading skills. Then,
beginning in the late 90s, the Educational Testing
Service (the maker of the TOEFL)
began offering a computer-based TOEFL
known as the iBT. Taking advantage of advances in
technology, the iBT has
expanded the range of skills tested by adding speaking and
writing sections
to the test as well as integrating reading, grammar, and vocabulary
skills to
mimic how we use language every day.

ABOUT THE ITP
(INSTITUTIONAL TOEFL PROGRAM)
Some educational institutions use a paper-based TOEFL, known as the ITP
TOEFL. The Educational Testing Service makes this form of the TOEFL
available to
institutions who often use the test to generally assess
individuals' English
language skills for placement purposes. Institutions
also use results to assess the
effectiveness of their English language
instructional programs. These TOEFLs are
typically previously
administered paper-based TOEFLs. Generally, colleges and
universities do
not accept ITP TOEFL scores in place of an iBT score. The two versions
of
the TOEFL are quite different. A description of both formats follows.

THE
iBT
The iBT is a timed test that consists of the four sections listed
below.
Section 1
 
Section 2

Reading
2 Passages

35 minutes
20 questions per passage

Listening
1 Conversation

36 minutes
28 questions per
conversation

1 Lecture
 
Section 3
 
Section 4

Speaking
4 Tasks

16 minutes

Writing
1 Integrated Task
1 Academic
Discussion Task

29 minutes

SECTION 1:
READING
The iBT reading section is comprised of two reading passages each
followed by 10
questions.
You will have 35 minutes to read all of the
passages and respond to the questions. You
will be allowed to take notes
while you read. You will see some words or phrases
highlighted. You may
see an explanation or definition of the word or phrase by clicking
on it.
The majority of questions in this section are in the multiple-choice
format. Make your answer choice for each and proceed to the next question
by clicking on
Next. To return to the previous question, click on Back. At
any time, you can click on Review to see a list of the questions that you
have and have not answered.
You may return to any question while you are
working on this section, but once you have
left the reading section, you may
not return to it. A clock will appear on the screen to
help you manage your
time.
In this section, you first read the passage completely. You do so by using
the scroll bar to view the entire passage on the screen. The computer will

not give you
the questions until you have scrolled the entire reading
selection. At that point, click
on Next.
There are different response formats in the reading section. These
involve
clicking on a word, phrase, or sentence. Vocabulary items are
usually tested by asking
you to click on another word in the text that means
the same thing as a bolded word.
Sometimes you will be asked to click on a
sentence or group of sentences where the
answer to a particular question
can be found. Sometimes, you may be asked to insert a
sentence into the
text. On cohesion items, you will be asked to click on the word or
phrase in
the bolded part of the passage that the cohesion word refers to. After you
click on the word or phrase, it will darken.
Finally, another type of test question (“reading to learn”)
will require you
to complete a summary or fill in a chart by selecting which provided
text
options to include.

SECTION 2:
LISTENING
The listening section of the iBT tests your ability to understand spoken
English that is typically found on the campuses of colleges and universities.
The
listening tasks are those that are typical of social and academic
conversations found in
these settings.
There are two listening passages each followed 14 questions, one will be
a
lecture and one will be a  conversation.
Each
conversation and lecture
requires you to respond to 14 questions, most of which are
multiple choice.
You
have 36 minutes to complete this section. A clock appears on the
screen to help you
manage your time. It does not include the time while you
are listening to the lecture
and conversation.
You will hear the lecture and the conversation and each of the questions
only one time. You are allowed to take notes as you listen and use them to
answer
questions. Once a question is answered, you are not allowed to
return to it, so be sure
to choose your answers carefully.

On the iBT, stimuli will come to you through headphones, not aloud as is
the case with the ITP TOEFL. On the iBT, you will both see and hear each
question; on
the ITP TOEFL, you only hear the question. Following the
question, the answer choices
appear on the screen; the question stays on the
screen until you have made your
response. For multiple-choice items, each
option is preceded by an oval [ ], instead of the letters (A), (B), (C), or
(D).
On the iBT, you will be told both the context and the topic of the
conversation.
All speakers are pictured on the
screen.
The iBT lecture also includes an introduction that tells you who is
speaking and the topic. Going back to the minitalk on Chicago, the
introduction might be
as follows:

“Listen to a tour guide as he tells a group of visitors about the
city of
Chicago.”
In the iBT lecture, the presentation usually simulates a lecture by a
professor who is using visuals. The professor and the visuals are depicted
on the
screen. Using your mouse, you answer each question, after it is
asked.
The iBT uses a greater variety of response types. For example, there may
be more than one correct answer, and you will be asked to click on the oval
next to all
correct answers. Whenever there is more than one correct
answer, you will be told how
many correct answers you should identify. To
see an example, read the minitalk about
Chicago then answer the following
question:
What can be inferred about the weather in Chicago?

(Click on 2
answers)
It is influenced by a glacier.
Summers are unpleasantly warm.
The wind is usually accompanied by
cold.
It is very dry during the winter
months.
It is temperate and stable.

In the above example, you would click on the ovals to the left of the
second and third statements.

Sometimes, a response format is visual. In that case, you click on the
correct visual with your mouse. Sometimes, a response will involve
matching. In that
case, you must classify each new piece of information you
are given into three or four
categories, according to classifications or
distinctions you learned when reading the
stimulus. You do this with your
mouse.

SECTION 3:
SPEAKING
The speaking section tests your ability to use spoken English in
academic
settings. This section contains four speaking tasks. Each task requires you
to
respond to a single question, a talk, conversation, or lecture. The tasks
will require
you to listen to a lecture or conversation or to read a short
passage. You will then
respond to a question. You may take notes and use
them to help you respond to the
questions.
Your speaking proficiency is evaluated on the general fluency and
accuracy
with which you use the English language.
The speaking section lasts 16 minutes. Before responding to questions,
you
will be given 15 to 20 seconds to think about how you will respond to
the question. A
clock appears on the screen to help you manage your time.

SECTION 4:
WRITING
The writing section tests your ability to perform the writing tasks that
are
typically required in college courses.
In the iBT, you will respond to two writing prompts. There are two types
of writing tasks, an integrated essay task and an academic discussion
writing task.
The integrated essay task combines the language skills of reading,
listening, and writing.
You will read a short passage, hear a short lecture on the topic, and then
write an essay in response to a specific set of directions for the
essay.
The academic discussion writing task asks you to state and support an
opinion on a given topic in an online class discussion.
A clock appears on the screen to help you manage your time as you
complete
your essays.

THE ITP (THE
PAPER-BASED TOEFL)

The paper-based ITP TOEFL is a timed test that consists of three
sections.
It is administered in two forms: Level 1 (Intermediate to Advanced) and
Level
2 (High Beginning to Intermediate). Throughout the years, the
Educational Testing
Service has determined which questions from
previously administered TOEFLs are
appropriate for each of the two
TOEFL levels. The Level 1 TOEFL is longer than the Level
2 test, but each
form of the test has the same types of questions. Section One tests
Listening
Comprehension, Section Two, Structure and Written Expression, and
Section
Three, Reading Comprehension. Here is the format of each section:
ITP TOEFL—LEVEL 1 (Intermediate to
Advanced)
 
Section 1
Part A
Part B
Part C
 
Section 2
Part A
Part B
 
Section 3

Listening
Comprehension
Short Conversations
Extended Conversations
Minitalks

50 questions

35 minutes
30 questions
7–8 questions
12–13 questions

Structure and Written
Expression
Structure
Written Expression

40 questions

25 minutes
15 questions
25 questions

Reading Comprehension

50 questions

55 minutes

 
TOTAL

115 minutes

ITP TOEFL—LEVEL 2 (High Beginning to
Intermediate)
 
Section 1
 
Section 2
 
Section 3

Listening
Comprehension

30 questions

22 minutes

Structure and Written
Expression

25 questions

17 minutes

Reading Comprehension

40 questions

31 minutes

 
TOTAL

70 minutes

SECTION 1:
LISTENING
This section of the TOEFL tests your ability to understand spoken
American English. After you hear taped conversations you will answer
questions.

Short Conversations
Part A contains short dialogues between two people followed by a
question
about what the people said in their conversation. They may have different
purposes for speaking to each other. A speaker may give advice, apologize,
or ask for
information. Generally, key information is found in the second
speaker's sentence.
You will need to understand the meaning of the
conversation and also the context, such
as the time or place in which it
could occur. The correct choice is the one that
directly answers the
question.
YOU WILL HEAR:
(Man)
(Woman)
(Man)

Did you get to go shopping last night?
They'd already locked the doors by the time I got
there.
What does the woman mean?

YOU WILL SEE:
She arrived in time to shop.
She was too late.
She locked the doors.
She had to buy the door.

The correct choice is (B). Since the doors were
locked when she arrived,
she could not have gone shopping. Note that the other choices
use words
heard in the conversation. Choices that contain such words are usually not
correct. Part A contains samples of informal American English. Idiomatic
expressions and
two-word verbs are common in this part.

Extended Conversations
In Part B you will hear extended conversations between two or more
people, a student and either a professor or a campus service provider.
Usually, there
are two conversations, and the language is more formal. After
each conversation, there
are between three and four spoken questions about
its content. Choose your answer from
among the four choices that appear in
your test booklet.
The extended conversations and minitalks (see below) are generally
preceded by an introductory statement that tells you the context for the
conversation.
Pay particular attention to this information as it prepares you
for what follows.

Minitalks
Part C contains short presentations given by a single speaker. There are
usually three. The English in this section is generally more academic,
typical of
English lectures that take place in a university or college setting.
There are generally
three lectures followed by four to five spoken questions
about its content. You may take
notes while you listen and refer back to
them when you answer the questions. Choose your
answer from among the
four choices that appear in your test booklet. Look at the example
of the
minitalk below.
YOU WILL HEAR:

Listen to this talk by a tourist guide.
(Man)

Good morning ladies and gentlemen. Welcome to
this tour of one of the
nation's most important
cities, Chicago. Before we begin, I'd like
to give
you some background information that will make
the tour more enjoyable
for you. The city was
founded in 1837. Its strategic location on Lake
Michigan
quickly made it the center of commerce
for the Midwest section of the country.
It currently
is the third largest metropolitan area in the United
States. The
city's site is generally level, built
mostly on a glacial plain. The
narrow Chicago
River extends one mile inland from Lake
Michigan, where it
splits, dividing the city into
North, West, and South sides. Chicago's
weather is
subject to rapid changes, but generally the climate
is cold and windy
in the winter, and hot and humid
in the summer.

(Woman)

What gave Chicago an advantage over other
Midwestern cities?

YOU WILL SEE:
Its level site
Its location on Lake Michigan
Its large population
Its location along the Chicago River

According to the minitalk, (B) would be the
correct choice. Remember
that you will not have a written copy of the speaker's
presentation or
conversation and you will only hear it once. You must concentrate on
details, such as names, dates, and the main idea of the selection that you
hear. Do not
read the choices as you listen to the talk. Listen carefully and
try to remember what
you hear.

SECTION 2:
STRUCTURE AND WRITTEN EXPRESSION
This section contains two types of questions, both designed to test your
ability to recognize correct style and grammar in written English. The
sentences are
academic; ones that you typically find in college-level texts,
journals, and
encyclopedias. The sentence topics include the social
sciences, physical and life
sciences, and the humanities.

Structure
The structure questions test your ability to recognize correct structure
and
word order. These questions consist of a sentence with one or more words
missing.
You must make the choice that best completes the sentence. Here
is an example of this
type of question.
YOU WILL SEE:
________ a short time after the Civil War, Atlanta has become the
principal center of transportation, commerce, and finance in the
southeastern United
States.
While rebuilt
It was rebuilt
Rebuilt
When rebuilt

The correct choice is (C). The other choices
make the sentence incorrect
or awkward.

Written Expression
The written expression questions test your ability to recognize errors
in
grammar or expression. These questions consist of complete sentences with
four
underlined words or phrases. You must identify the underlined part of
the sentence that
needs to be changed in order to make the sentence correct.
An example follows.
YOU WILL SEE:

The correct choice is (D). Flexibility, a noun, appears where an adjective
must occur. In addition to
inappropriate parts of speech, be sure to check for
missing words or extra words that
are inappropriate for the context.

SECTION 3:
READING COMPREHENSION
Good reading skills and an ample vocabulary are keys to doing well on
all
sections of the TOEFL. In this section of the TOEFL, these skills are
specifically
tested. Many TOEFL test takers complain that they do not have
enough time to carefully
answer all questions in this section. It is very
important that you follow the
instructions in this book, so that you will use
all the allotted time to your
advantage.

Reading Comprehension Items
Your ability to read and understand college-level reading material is
tested
on this part of the TOEFL. You will find five or six reading passages, each
followed by nine to eleven questions. You must work quickly and
efficiently. Here is a
sample passage.
YOU WILL SEE:
A lens has one or more curved surfaces that refract, or

bend, light
rays passing through it to form an image on a

surface beyond the lens. Examples of
such surfaces are

the retina of the eye or a movie screen. The distance from
(5) the lens to the focal plane is
known as focal length. In

cameras, telescopes, and similar devices, the lens
is

turned on a screw-thread mounting to adjust the focal

length. This action
allows focusing of images of objects

at various distances. In the human eye, focal
length is

(10) adjusted by muscles that alter
the lens curvature. Light

rays of different colors are bent by varying degrees
as

they pass through a curved surface. This causes a distortion

of the
image, known as chromatic aberration. In

cameras, sharp images are obtained by
arranging two
(15) or more lenses so that the
aberration of one cancels

out the aberration of another. Such an arrangement
of

lenses is called an achromatic lens.
YOU WILL SEE:
According to the passage, what is focal length?
A curved surface that refracts light
The distance from the focal plane to the lens
Adjustment by the muscles that alters lens curvature
The degree that light rays of different colors are bent by the lens

This is a factual question. The information needed to answer this
question is directly stated in the text. Choice (B) is the
correct answer.
Some questions will ask you to draw conclusions based on material in the
passage; others will ask about the main idea of a selection. Some may even
ask what
information does not appear in the passage.

Vocabulary Items
The vocabulary questions in this section test your English vocabulary.
There are between 12 and 17 questions focusing on specific words from the
reading
passage. Each word is taken from a specific line in the text; the line
is referred to in
the question. You must choose the word that has the same
meaning from among the four
choices given. Here's an example from the
previous text.
YOU WILL SEE:
The word “distortion” in lines 12 and 13 is closest in meaning
to
classification

deformation
reaction
reflection

The word that is the closest in meaning to the tested word, distortion, is
choice (B). Additional
hints for vocabulary questions can be found in
Chapter 2.

Cohesion Items
Another type of question that is used to test reading comprehension is
called cohesion. Cohesion occurs when elements of a passage are linked to
other
elements. Cohesion allows the author to refer to previously mentioned
information, and
it allows the reader to keep previously mentioned
information in mind while continuing
to read the passage. To understand
cohesion when it is used, one must understand the
passage. Thus, TOEFL
uses cohesion to test reading comprehension. Cohesion items
typically test
object pronouns (it, they, them) and demonstrative pronouns (this, these,
those). Here is an example of a question that involves cohesion.
YOU WILL SEE:
The word “This” in line 11 refers to
surface
adjusting
light
bending

The word that “this” refers to is bending, option (D). A typical version
of the
TOEFL will contain about five such items, or an average of one per
passage.
During your experience taking the TOEFL, you will see process verbs.
These
words give you important clues as to the type of response that the
question or task
requires, so it is necessary for you to have a good
understanding of them. Among the
process verbs commonly seen on the
TOEFL are:

Process
Verb
claim
clarify
contradict
define
demonstrate
describe
discuss
infer
prove
rebut
refute
show
state
stress
support

Definition
to express an unproven opinion
to explain in more detail
to express an opposite belief
to identify the meaning of a concept
to show or explain a process or idea
to list the characteristics of an idea or object
to give information or ideas
to form a new idea or opinion from stated facts
to show by factual explanation
to prove that something is false by factual
explanation
to defend by explaining why something is not true
to give information supporting an idea
to express or give information
to give special attention to an idea
to provide information that confirms an idea or
opinion

SOME HELPFUL
HINTS FOR BOTH FORMATS OF THE
TOEFL
You can get most of the answers to your questions about the TOEFL at
www.ets.org/toefl.
Information on testing centers, practice questions, and general
descriptions of the TOEFL can be found at the official TOEFL website.
On all parts of the TOEFL, be sure to answer all questions. On the iBT,
you are penalized for not answering questions. On multiple-choice test
items, if you
must guess, choose (B) or (C), since they are slightly more
likely than (A) or (D) to be
the correct response.
On the iBT, some questions will have more than one answer, particularly
if
the question deals with factual information presented as a series in the
passage or
text. A box under a question may tell you to “Click on two
answers.” You may
also have to manipulate data with the mouse. For
example, you may be given a series of
events to place in a specific order.

You will click on the sentences and drag them to
the appropriate slots that
appear on the test item screen.
Because the iBT requires a greater variety of response formats, always
read the directions for each test item carefully. Ask yourself, “What do I
need to
do here?”
Manage your time wisely! Both the ITP TOEFL and iBT are timed. The
amount
of time available is stated at the beginning of each section. If you
are taking the ITP
TOEFL, be sure to wear a watch (deactivate any sounds
your watch may make before
entering the test session) and be aware of the
time you have remaining. No watches are
allowed in the room for the iBT.
Whether you are taking the iBT or the ITP TOEFL, you
should become
familiar with the directions and the examples for each section before you
take the tests.
Remember, when time has expired on a section, you may not return to it.
Work quickly and accurately. If it seems obvious to you that you will not
have enough
time to finish a section of the TOEFL, GUESS (B) or (C).
In the reading section of the iBT, you may skip questions, or go back and
change answers. However, do not waste time doing this unless you are
fairly certain that
you have made a mistake! You cannot return to questions
in a previous part once you have
clicked on Continue after the last question
in th...