Unit 2. URBANIZATION
PART 1: VOCABULARY AND GRAMMAR REVIEW

A. VOCABULARY
- industrialization /ɪnˌdʌstriələˈzeɪʃən/ (n.): sự công nghiệp hóa
- accelerate /əkˈseləreɪt/ (v): làm gia tăng, tăng tốc
- in anticipation of something: để dành cho, để đề phòng, lường trước
- urbanization /ˌɜːbənaɪˈzeɪʃən/ (n.): sự đô thị hóa
- pressurize /ˈpreʃəraɪz/ (v): nén, gây áp lực
- result in (v) = bring about, cause: gây ra, dẫn đến
- sanitation /ˌsænɪˈteɪʃn/ (n.): điều kiện vệ sinh
- irrigation /ˌɪrɪˈgeɪʃən (n): sự tưới tiêu
- slum /slʌm/ (n): khu nhà ổ chuột
- insufficient /ˈɪnsəˈfɪʃənt/ (adj): không đủ, thiếu
- wastewater /weɪstˌwɔ:tə/ (n): nước bẩn
- infrastructure /ˈɪnfrəˌstrʌktʃə/ (n): cơ sở hạ tầng
- facilities /fəˈsɪlɪtiz/ (n): phương thức, phương tiện
- migrate /maɪˈɡreɪt/ (v): di trú, di cư
- immigrate /ˈɪmɪgreɪt/ (v): nhập cư
- immigrant /ˈɪmɪgrənt/ (n): dân nhập cư
- management capacity /ˈmænɪdʒmənt kəˈpæsɪti/ (n): năng lực quản lý
- urbanization process /ɜ:b(ə)naɪˈzeɪʃ(ə)n ˈprəʊsɛs/ (n): quá trình đô thị hóa
- deeply-rooted /ˈdi:pli- ˈru:tɪd/ (adj): ăn sâu, bám rễ
- unemployment /ˌʌnɪmˈplɔɪmənt/ (n): sự thất nghiệp
- densely/heavily polluted: ô nhiễm nặng
- thinly/ sparsely polluted: ô nhiễm nhẹ
- long-term /'lɒŋtɜ:m/ (adj): dài hạn
- short-term /ʃɔ:t-tɜ:m/ (adj): ngắn hạn
- foreign direct investment (FDI) /'fɒrɪn dɪ'rɛkt ɪn'vɛstmənt/ (n): đầu tư trực tiếp nước ngoài
- exacerbate /ɛks'æsə(:)beɪt (v): làm trầm trọng
- relocate /ri:ləʊ'keɪt/ (v): di chuyển tới, xây dựng lại 
- inflow /'ɪnfləʊ/ (v): chảy vào
- adverse /'ædvɜ:s/ (adj): tiêu cực
- amenity /ə'mi:nəti/ (n): đầy đủ tiện nghi
- sustainable development /səs'teɪnəbl dɪ'vɛləpmənt/ (n): phát triển bền vững
- instability /ˌɪnstə'bɪlɪti/ (n): tính không ổn định, không kiên định
- housing development /dɪ'vel.əp.mənt/ (n.): sự phát triển nhà ở
- fatality or mortality rate /fə'tæl.ə.ti/; /mɔ: 'tæl.ə.ti/ (n.): tỷ lệ tử vong
Ex: During his tenure, the fatality rate rose up to 150%.
- multicultural /ˌmʌlti'kʌltʃərəl/ (adj.): đa văn hóa.
- overpopulated /ˌəʊvə'pɒpjuleɪtɪd/ (adj.): quá đông dân
- population density /'densəti/ (n.): mật độ dân số
Ex: The population density of Vietnam is quite high compared to the average.
- Confront (ơ) with something = face, come up against something: đối mặt, chạm trán với cái gì
- in hopes of V-ing: trong hi vọng làm gì
Ex: The fox tried in hopes of reaching the grapes, but it was all in vain.
- take advantage of something /əd'væn.t̬ɪdʒ/= make use of something: tận dụng, lấy ưu thế từ cái gì

- strain /streɪn/ (n.): gánh nặng, áp lực = burden
B. GRAMMAR REVIEW 
I. CÂU GIẢ ĐỊNH (Subjunctive) 
Câu giả định hay còn gọi là câu cầu khiến là loại câu mà đối tượng thứ nhất muốn đối tượng thứ hai làm một
việc gì nhưng không mang tính ép buộc như câu mệnh lệnh. Trong câu giả định, người ta dùng dạng nguyên thể
không có TO của động từ sau một số động từ chính mang tính cầu khiến. THAT phải luôn xuất hiện trong dạng
câu này. 

Subject + Verb (any tense) + that + subject + (should) + verb fin simple form]

1. Những động từ và danh từ thường được theo sau bởi Subjunctive là:
advise v.
advice n. 
command v.
command n. 
demand v.
demand n. 
suggest v. 
suggestion n. 
prefer v. 
preference n.
recommend v. 
recommendation n. 
require 
requirement n.
decree v. 
decree n. 
ask v. 
order v. 
order n. 
insist v. 
insistence n. 
request v. 
request n. 
propose v. 
proposal n.
urge v. 
urgency n. 
Ex:
His parents insisted that he (should) find a job and settle down in a big city.
It is recommended that people (should take regular exercise.
She demanded that I should tell her the truth.
The recommendation that all people affected by the storm (should) be evacuated immediately was
approved. 
2. Những tính từ thường được theo sau bởi Subjunctive là:
advisable
urgent 
imperative 
essential 
necessary
obligatory 
vital 
fundamental 
important
mandatory 
crucial 
desirable 
Ex:

It + be (any tense) + adjective + that + subject + verb [in simple form]

It is necessary that everyone be here on time.
It is essential that pollution be controlled and eventually eliminated. 
It is vital that no one else know about the secret government operation.
Lưu ý: Nếu bỏ THAT trong công thức trên thì: It be adj for somebody to Vinf.
• It is necessary that everyone be here on time. 
→ It is necessary for everyone to be here on time. 
• It is essential that pollution be controlled and eventually eliminated. 
→ It is essential for pollution to be controlled and eventually eliminated.
• It is vital that no one else know about the secret government operation. 
→ It is vital for no one else to know about the secret government operation. 
3. Dùng với một số trường hợp khác 
• Câu giả định còn dùng được trong một số câu cảm thán, thường bao hàm các thế lực siêu nhiên.
Ex:  God save the queen! (Chúa phù hộ cho nữ hoàng.)
God be with you! = Good bye (Khi chia tay nhau.)
Curse this frog! (Chết tiệt con cóc này?) 
• Dùng với một số thành ngữ: 
- Come what may: Dù có chuyện gì đi nữa.
Ex:
Come what may we will stand by you. 
- If need be: Nếu cần

Ex:
If need be we can take another road.
• Dùng với “if this be” trong trường hợp muốn nêu ra một giả định từ phía người nói nhưng không thật chắc
chắn lắm về khả năng.
Ex:
If this be prevent right, you would be considered innocent.
4. Câu giả định dung với it is time

Ex:

It is time + (for smb) to do sth:
Đã đến lúc ai đó phải làm gì (thời gian không giả định)

It is time for me to get to the airport (just in time). 

It is time/ high time/ about time + subject + simple past
(Đã đến lúc – giả định thời gian đến trễ một chút)

Nhận xét: Hight/ about được dùng trước time để thêm vào ý nhấn mạnh.
Ex:
It's high time I left for the airport. = (It is a little bit late).
PART 2: PRACTICE
A. PHONETICS 
I. Find the word which has a different sound in the part underlined.
1. A. prestige
B. connect
C. harvest 
D. congestion 
2. A. housing
B. crisis 
C. cost 
D. custom
3. A. navigate
B. necessitate
C. inadequate
D. debate
4. A. muzzle
B. lizard 
C. pizza 
D. puzzle
5. A. bargain
B. campaign
C. ascertain
D. complain 
II. Choose the word which has a different stress pattern from the others. 
4. A. agricultural
B. unemployed
C. sustainable
D. economic
5. A. miserable
B. infrastructure
C. amenity
D. necessary 
B. VOCABULARY AND GRAMMAR 
I. Choose the correct words in the box to complete the sentences.
metropolis
relatively
ticking
density
ranking 
slums
productivity
urbanization
1. The _________________________ of population is quite high in urban areas.
2. Rich countries, despite having solved all their basic needs, experience a similar accumulation of social
pressure as if it was a _______________________ time bomb.
3. If Nigeria's population continues to grow and people move to cities at the same rate as now, Lagos could
become the world's largest _______________________, home to 85 or 100 million people.
4. Nearly half of the world's 3.9 billion urban dwellers reside in _______________________ small settlements
with fewer than 500,000 inhabitants.
5. With nearly 38 million people, Tokyo tops UN's _____________________ of most populous cities followed
by Delhi, Shanghai, Mexico City, São Paulo and Mumbai. 
6. _______________________ are urban areas that are heavily populated with substandard housing and very
poor living conditions. 
II. Give the correct form of the words in the following sentences.
1. Since the renovation policy launched in 1986, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam, has experienced the fastest 
_______________________ process. URBAN 
2. There has been a rapid _____________________________ of rural people to urban areas for jobs and better 
living. MIGRATE 
3. Urbanization promotes foreign direct ____________________ which in turn helps in improving the foreign
exchange reserves of the country. INVEST
4. The support policies for social housing development in Vietnam remained ____________________ as only a
few people were lucky enough to be able to get access to preferential loans. EFFECT

5. Several international organizations want to invest in social ____________________ development for the
youth in Vietnam. HOUSE 
6. At the moment, finding solutions for ____________________ urban development is one of Vietnam's current
top priorities. SUSTAIN 
7. Urban ____________________ must rely on the rural hinterland for agricultural production. DWELL 
8. As the world continues to ____________________, sustainable development depends increasingly on the
successful management of urban growth. URBAN
9. A city that grows without these structures in place is at high risk for poverty and ____________________.
STABLE
10. The disease is common in developing countries lacking adequate sewage and sanitation 
________________________. FACILITATE
11. Some people worry that the city has become ____________________. POPULATE
12. Since the number of people aspiring for jobs is more than jobs available, ____________________ is a
natural outcome of situation. EMPLOY 
III. Choose the best answer to complete each of the following sentences.
1. Linda insisted that the newly-born baby ____ after her husband's father.
A. could be named  B. be named 
C. must be named 
D. ought to be named
2. It was such a beautiful evening that one of us suggested we ____ the meeting outside.
A. could have
B. had 
C. might have
D. have
3. I requested that first-year students ____ to change their courses in the first two weeks.
A. would be permitted 
B. be permitted 
C. were permitted 
D. are permitted 
4. His advisor recommended that he ____ at least three courses each semester 
A. takes 
B. can take
C. should take
D. would take
5. It is important that he ____ to the director of the programme.
A. should speak
B. speak 
C. would speak
D. speaks
6. It's important that they ____ to take her medicine twice a day. 
A. remember
B. remembering
C. to remember
D. remembers
7. I suggest that Frank ____ the instructions carefully before playing that game.
A. reading
B. to read
C. read 
D. reads
8. Mrs. Smith demanded that the heater ____ immediately. Her apartment was freezing.
A. repaired
B. be repaired
C. repair
D. to repair
9. It's vital that the United States ____ on improving its public education system. 
A. focuses 
B. focus 
C. focusing 
D. focused
10. The monk insisted that the tourists ____ the temple until they had removed their shoes.
A. not entering
B. not to enter 
C. not enter 
D. don't enter 
IV. Choose the correct answer that best completes each of the following sentences.
6. Unemployment and poverty force people to ____ in anti-social activities. 
A. include 
B. engage 
C. take 
D. oppose 
7. Due to dumping of sewage from factories in water bodies, water pollution often results ____ of epidemics.
A. breakout
B. outbreaks
C. out breakings
D. breaking outs 
8. Access to education, health, social services and cultural activities is more ____ available to people in cities
than in villages.
A. readily
B. willingly
C. extremely 
D. comparatively 
9. The public authority of Ho Chi Minh City is going to be ____ problems of urban planning and management.
A. come up with
B. addressed with
C. contented with
D. got into
10. Vietnam is facing numerous challenges caused by rapid urbanization, leaving burdens on its technical and
social ____.
A. appliance
B. facilities
C. equipment
D. infrastructure 

11. Vietnam needs to ____ its urbanization opportunities to become a middle income country.
A. get
B. seize
C. make use
D. exploit
12. Drastic measures to boost housing development should be ____ to prevent properly market ____ becoming a
boom.
A. initiated - from  B. launched - for 
C. complemented - against  D. conducted - to
13. The support policies for social housing development in Vietnam remained ineffective as only a few people
were lucky enough to get ____ to preferential loans.
A. entrance
B. method
C. access 
D. approach
14. Although the UK is an urban society, more and more people are choosing to ____ to the countryside.
A. distribute
B. relocate
C. apply 
D. reach
15. In the absence of adequate medical services, congestion and poor sanitation in big cities may cause health
____.
A. danger
B. disadvantages
C. demerits
D. hazards
16. The United Nations estimates that 1.1 billion people have no access to fresh water and 2.4 billion lack
access to adequate ____.
A. sanitation
B. facilities
C. equipment
D. congestion
17. In order to deal with problems including waste and water treatment and public transportation, developing
smart cities will be the ____ such challenges.
A. means of coping with 
B. key to meeting 
C. approach to obtaining 
D. remedy for getting into 
19. There is a heavy ____ on private transport that has led to the congestion of roads and increasing commuting
time and pollution
A. base 
B. independence
C. reliance
D. lean
20. It is impolite that you ____ there when he gets off the plane.
A. be not standing  B. been not standing  C. not be standing  D. not been standing
21. They hope to ____ a cure for the disease. 
A. catch up on
B. come up with
C. fill up with
D. go out with
22. Although it was more than an hour late, the superstar finally showed up and ____ the attention of the
audience,
A. grabbed
B. held 
C. paid 
D. took 
V. Indicate the word(s) CLOSEST in meaning to the underlined word(s) in each of the following
questions.
4. Low-income dwellers are generally living in older areas of modern cities, which are well known for poor
sanitation, lack of health facilities and basic amenities.
A. aid 
B. facilities 
C. resource 
D. place
5. India is facing a house shortage in urban areas at the moment and more housing would be required in order to
meet future demand.
A. encounter 
B. introduce
C. fulfill 
D. stumble 
6. A smart sustainable city will meet the needs of present and future generations with respect to economic,
social and environmental aspects. 
A. in addition to
B. according to
C. with regard to
D. with a view to
7. As cities grew more crowded, and often more impoverished and costly, more and more people began to
migrate back out of them.
A. well-off
B. rich 
C. penniless
D. fertile
8. Urbanization spurs a unique set of issues to both humans and animals. 
A. stimulates
B. prevents
C. varies
D. descends
9. Automobile exhaust produces elevated lead levels in urban air.
A. humble
B. lowly 
C. diminished
D. uplifted

10. Urban development can magnify the risk of environmental hazards such as flash flooding.
A. understate
B. minimize
C. exaggerate
D. reduce 
VI. Indicate the word(s) OPPOSITE in meaning to the underlined word(s) in each of the following
questions.
1. Urbanization has many adverse effects on the structure of society as gigantic concentrations of people
compete for limited resources.
A. favorable 
B. disadvantageous  C. unlucky 
D. unpropitious
2. The absence of effective and representative government exacerbates urban environmental health problems.
A. aggravate
B. heighten
C. reduce 
D. magnify
3. Most of the world's largest cities are considerably smaller by the year 2000 than had been expected. 
A. substantially
B. slightly
C. significantly
D. greatly
4. Cities are like magnets, with the potential to take care of everything from the most basic needs to the most
intangible desires.
A. impalpable
B. invisible
C. indefinable
D. clear 
5. The proportion between public and private space in such spontaneous urbanization is invariably less than
1:10.
A. never
B. regularly
C. habitually
D. dependably 
6. Many people move to urban areas seeking for job opportunity as well as stable employment.
A. temporary
B. firm 
C. steady 
D. substantial
7. His decision had been made on the spur of the moment. 
A. all of a sudden
B. out of the blue
C. unexpectedly
D. predictably 
8. Unregulated, unplanned urban sprawl is often the cheapest option in the short run - but the long-run costs to
society, the economy and the environment can be dire.
A. positive
B. terrible 
C. dreadful
D. distressing
9. The police finally arrested the notorious criminal. 
A. respectable
B. serious
C. infamous
D. gentle
10. The indiscriminate use of pesticides has wiped out many rare species. 
A. uncritical
B. unplanned
C. extensive
D. methodical 
VII. Choose the word or phrase among A, B, C or D that needs correction.
6. Student: "Could you help me to fax this report?" - Librarian: “____'
A. Sorry I have no idea.
B. It's very kind of you to say so.
C. What rubbish! I don't think it's helpful. 
D. Certainly. What's the fax number?
7. John was in Hanoi and wanted to send a parcel to his parents. He asked a local passer-by the way to the postoffice. Choose the most suitable response to fill in the blank in the following exchange.
- John: "Can you show me the way to the nearest post office, please?" - Passer-by: “____”
A. Not way, sorry. 
B. Just round the corner over there.
C. Look it up in a dictionary!
D. There's no traffic near here.
8. Lora has just bought a new skirt that she likes very much. Choose the most suitable response to fill in the
blank in the following exchange.
- Jane: "You look great in that red skirt, Lora!" - Lora: “____”
A. No, I don't think so.
B. Oh, you don't like it, do you?
C. Thanks I bought it at Macy's.
D. Thanks, my mum bought it. 
C. READING 
I. Choose the word or phrase from the box that best fits the blank space in the following passage. 
especially 
relies 
which 
infrastructure 
transform 
environmentally 
CITIES GOING GREEN
As more and more people concentrate in cities, planners are looking for ways to (1) ________________

cities into better living spaces. This can be done by improving existing (2) __________________ while also
creating more public spaces that are both beautiful and green. This can be hard to accomplish, (3)
________________ in cities with a haphazard fashion. 
Some cities have been created with the idea of a green city as the goal. One such city, Masdar City in the
United Arab Emirates, aims to become a model for other cities to follow. It is being known as a truly green city
that (4) ____________________ strictly on renewable sources such as solar energy to provide all of its energy
needs. In addition, it will be a zero waste city in (5) ______________________ everything that is used can be
recycled. Whether it will truly accomplish its goal remains to be seen, but it will also act as an experiment
for (6) _____________________ -friendly areas to be tested. 
II. Choose the word or phrase among A, B, C or D that best fits the blank space in the following passage. 
III. Choose the word or phrase among A, B, C or D that best fits the blank space in the following
passage. 
burdens 
than 
proportion 
for
enjoy 
grounds 
stagnant 
likely
with 
prospects 
AN UNCERTAIN URBAN FUTURE
Most publications discussing urban change predict that the world will continue to urbanise far into the
future. Such projections should be viewed (1) _________________ caution. A steady increase in urbanisation
among low income nations is (2) _________________ to occur only if they also have steadily growing
economies. While we should hope that lower income nations achieve more buoyant economies, the current (3)
_________________ for most of them are hardly encouraging, with political instability, civil war, and large
debt (4) _________________.
There are also (5) __________________ for doubting whether a large (6) _________________ of the
world's population will ever live in very large cities. In (7) _________________ economies, urbanisation levels
do not increase much. In successful economies much new investment is going to small or medium sized cities.
In regions with advanced transport and communications systems, rural inhabitants and enterprises can (8)
_________________ standards of infrastructure and services and access to information that historically have
been available only in urban areas. Thus, both low and high income nations may have smaller (9)
_________________ expected increases in the populations of their cities, although (10) ___________________
very different reasons. 
IV. Read the passage, and choose the correct answer A, B, C or D for each question. 
LIVING ROOFTOPS
Creative urban planners continually seek new ways to make cities more satisfying places to live. One
versatile tool in this pursuit is the "green roof" which draw from fundamental precepts in architectural design,
horticulture, and urban development. At its most basis, a green roof system transforms a conventional roof into
a living roof by adding a waterproof membrane. The membrane is then covered with drainage and filter layers, a
growth medium (e.g. soil) and live plant. A green roof can be built on a flat or graded surface, can be thick or
thin, and can feature flowering plants. Familiar rooftop garden have plants in pots or planters. A green roof goes
further. It is an integral part of a building and one that offers ecological and economic benefits, as well as
aesthetic appeal. 
Roofs covered in living plants were used in ancient Mesopotamia for aesthetic purposes (the famed
Hanging Garden of Babilon), in Viking settlements, and on the American Great Plains for basic shelter and
insulation (sod houses). The green roof as we know it, however, is a relatively recent creation. The first modern
green roof was developed in Germany during the late 1960s and early 1970s. Their man function was to slow
water drainage that was straining storm-sewer systems in urban areas where natural vegetation was scare. The
idea subsequently spread through Europe and made a few inroads into some American cities. 
A wide range of environment benefits can result from the adoption of green roof. Preliminary research
suggests that living roofs help clean polluted urban air. For example, grass acts as a natural air filter, removing
each day 0.2 kilograms of airborne particulates from the air per square meter of grass-covered surface. By

converting carbon dioxide (CO2) into oxygen through photosynthesis, plants also help limit the build-up of year
to meet the annual oxygen requirement of an average human being. 
Rooftop green space in cities also helps mitigate what scientists call the urban heat island effect.
Structure surfaced with conventional building material-paved roads and black rooftops, fox example- absorbsolar radiation and release it into the near surface environment in the form of heat. The effect is to raise the air
temperature in a big city by up to 5°C over the temperature in the surrounding countryside. Using mathematical
models, a Canadian research team found that if only 5 percent of the roof area of Toronto had green roofs, air
temperature would be reduced by 1°C to 2°C Celsius. 
Green roofs save money through energy and resource conservation. Studies done in Germany, where an
estimated 10 percent of all roofs today are green, suggest that green roofs last two or three times longer than
conventional roofs. The long service life of a green roof means that fewer resources and less energy will be
expended in roof replacement.
Green roofs also save money by lowering the cost of interior heating and cooling One study found that
an average building with a green roof requires 25 percent less cooling in commercial facility in Germany with a
green roof save enough money in three years through lower heating and cooling costs, since additional cooling
tower had become unnecessary. As energy costs increase, the tenants of buildings with green roofs will
undoubtedly reap additional savings. 
A city's livability is as much about the attractiveness of one's surroundings as it is about living costs. The
aesthetic benefits of green roofs should not be discounted. Green roofs designed to be parks or gardens can help
address a lack of green space in many urban areas. Some are even used for the small-scale, largely recreational
production of edible vegetables. All this vegetation naturally attracts songbirds, ducks and other waterfowl,
butterflies, and bats. Especially for those whose windows look out over a city's roofs cape-apartment dwellers,
office workers, even patients in high-rise hospitals a green roof can provide a priceless connection with nature
and the cycle of seasons. On the whole, living roofs add plants into urban landscapes, making cities more
environmentally sound and less stressful, and they do so in a cost-effective manner.
1. According to paragraph 1, green roofs. 
A. are very heavy
B. thrive mostly in warm climates
C. are composed of several layers of material 
D. can provide most food a city needs
2. The word "one" in the passage refers to ____.
A. a pot or planter 
B. apart of a building 
C. an environmental benefit 
D. a green roof
3. According to paragraph 2, all of the following are true about modern green roofs EXCEPT ____.
A. they were initially developed in Germany
B. they were designed to slow water drainage
C. they were used in Viking settlements 
D. they are found in a few American cities
4. The word "filter" in the passage is closet in meaning to ____.
A. producer
B. container
C. cooler 
D. cleaner 
5. According to paragraph 3, carbon dioxide is ____.
A. an airborne particulate
B. an environmental benefit
C. something a green roof can help control 
D. something a green roof can help make
6. The word "mitigate" in the passage is closet in meaning to _____.
A intensify
B. cause 
C. prevent
D. weaken
7. According to paragraph 4, temperatures in urban areas tend to be higher than in the surrounding countryside
because ____.
A. cities are more crowded
B. vehicles moving on paved roads create heat
C. green roof in rural areas absorb heat
D. commonly used building materials retain heat
8. What can be inferred from paragraph 5 about conventional roofs? 
A. Replacing one is costly
B. They are one type of living roof.

C. Resources needed to build them are now scare. 
D. They have a service life of less than ten years.
9. The word "expended" in the passage is closet meaning to ____.
A. made large
B. used up
C. asked for
D. found out
10. In paragraph 6, why does the author mention the case of the commercial facility? 
A. To illustrate the high cost of buying a green roof
B. To show that businesses have expenses homeowners don't have
C. To give one case in which green roofs produce energy
D. To support the claim that green roofs can reduce costs
D.WRITING
I. Rewrite the following sentences so that the second ones have the same meaning as the given sentence.
1. In the end, I felt I had been right about leaving him, we were just not suitable for each other.
I had no regrets _______________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
2. "Get the hell out of my house now or I'll call the police!" said the angry widow to the bold intruder.
The angry widow threatened ____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
3. I only missed him when he left me for that girl.
Not until ____________________________________________________________________________
4. I had just taken off my dirty clothes to go to bath when someone knocked at the door.
No sooner ___________________________________________________________________________
II. Rewrite the following sentences so that the second ones have the same meaning as the given sentence.
1. Although she was not very good-looking, the prince loved her at the very first sight.
Despite _____________________________________________________________________________
2. "Hey, what's that book you're addicted to these days?" Jane asked Jim.
Jane asked Jim _______________________________________________________________________
3. You'd better start revising from now on or you won't pass the exam.
It's high _____________________________________________________________________________
4. It was absolutely wrong of you to leave me stranded in that crowded room full of strangers like that.
You should __________________________________________________________________________
PART 3: TEST YOURSELF
I. Find the word which has a different sound in the part underlined.
1. A. established
B. steadily
C. sanitation
D. fluctuate
2. A. lasting
B. populated
C. scale
D. migrate
3. A. infrastructure B. capture
C. mature
D. nature
4. A. slum
B. result
C. urbanization
D. plumber
5. A. illustrate
B. identify
C. inaccurate
D. agricultural
II. Choose the word which has a different stress pattern from the others.
1. A. conservative
B. progressive
C. down-market
D. multicultural
2. A. habitual
B. obvious
C. dramatic
D. efficient
3. A. resource
B. mindset
C. kidnapping
D. prospect
4. A. sanitation
B. exacerbate
C. phonetician
D. inhabitant
5. A. initiative
B. authority
C. discriminate
D. necessary 
III. Choose the correct words in the box to complete the sentences. 
adverse
anticipation 
congestion 
outbreaks 
domestic 
ineffective
1. Urbanization is happening at such a brisk rate that the government t is planning entire new cities in 
_____________________ of large new urban populations.
2. Due to dumping of sewage from factories in water bodies, water pollution often results in 

____________________ of epidemics.
3. The support policies for social housing development in Vietnam remained ____________________ as only a
few people were lucky enough to be able to get access to preferential loans.
4. There is a heavy reliance on private transport that has led to the ____________________ of roads and
increasing commuting time and pollution.
5. Urbanization has many ___________________ effects on the structure of society as outbreaks concentrations
of people compete for limited resources.
6. The quality of urban water bodies is increasingly worsened by a huge volume of untreated industrial and
____________________ wastewater. 
IV. Indicate the word(s) CLOSEST in meaning to the underlined word(s) in each of the following
questions.
1. Rapid urban growth has also brought a huge increase in the number of large cities, including man...