Grammars of unit 8-E12

COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS
(So sánh của tính từ và trạng từ)

. Tính từ ngắn và trạng từ ngắn (Short adjectives / adverbs):
- Là những tính từ/ trạng từ chỉ có một âm tiết: long, short, big, hot, fat, tall, high, old, cold, …
. Tính từ dài và trạng từ dài (Long adjectives/ adverbs): Là những tính từ hoặc trạng từ có từ 2 âm tiết
trở lên
Ex: modern, modest, careful, beautiful, hard-working, careless, expensive, interesting, comfortable, exciting,
….
1. DEGREES OF COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS.
(Các mức độ so sánh của tính từ và trạng từ)
Comparison of Equal
(so sánh bằng )

Comparative
(So sánh hơn)

Superlative
(So sánh nhất)

(1) S1 + be / V + as + adj/ adv + as + S2
(1'): S1 + negative V + as/ so + adj/ adv + as + S2
(Động từ phủ định)
Ex: - She is as beautiful as her mother.
- She isn't so careful as her mother.
- Short. adj/adv: S1 + V + short. adj / adv - er + than + S2
- Long. adj/adv: S1 + V + more + long. adj / adv + than + S2
- S1 + V + less + adj / adv + than + S2 (So sanh ít)
*. Với danh từ: S1 + V + more + N + than + S2
Ex: - He is taller than his father.
- He drives more carefully than his friend.
- This book is less expensive than that one.
S + V + the + short.adj/adv-est
in + N (số ít)
S + V + the most + long.adj / adv
+ (N) +
of + N (số nhiều)
S + V + the least + long.adj / adv
( so sánh ít nhất ) (3'')
Ex: - Tam studies the hardest in his class.
- My Thuan bridge is the longest one in Vietnam.
- Who is the most beautiful in your class?
- This hotel is the least comfortable of the three.

Notes (Ghi chú):
a. Những tính từ/ trạng từ 2 âm tiết tận cùng bằng đuôi: er, le, ow, et, y cũng được xem là tính từ ngắn (một
âm tiết) .khi đổi sang cấp độ so sánh hơn và so sánh nhất
Ex: happy, busy, clever, simple, gentle, narrow, quiet, …
- happy → happier → the happiest
b. Những tính từ hoặc trạng từ ngắn (1 âm tiết) tận cùng bằng chữ cái phụ âm mà trước nó có 1 nguyên âm
thì trước khi thêm “-er/ -est” thì phải gấp đôi phụ âm.
Ex: big → bigger→ the biggest/ hot → hotter → the hottest
c. Một số tính từ / trạng từ bất qui tắc:
1

SSB
bad/ badly

SSH
worse

SSN
The worst

NGHĨA
TỆ, XẤU

2
3
4
5

good/ well
much /many
little
far

6

old

7

near

better
more
less
farther
further
older
elder
nearer

8

late

later

The best
The most
The least
The farthest
The furthest
The oldest
The eldest
The nearest
The next
The latest
The last

GiỎI, TỐT
NhiỀU
ÍT, NHỎ, BÉ
Xa (về khoảng cách)
Hơn (về thời gian/ thông tin)
Già hơn (về tuổi)
Lớn hơn (về cấp bậc, thứ bậc)
Gần (về khoảng cách)
Kế bên, kế tiếp(về thứ tự)
(về thời gian)
(về thứ tự)

Ex: - Ms Anh is better at cooking than Ms Nhung
- My elder brother is 2 years older than I.
d. much / as many + (N) + as: được dùng để nói về số lượng.
Ex: I have not read as many books as my teacher advises.
e. Để diễn tả ý nghĩa “bằng nhau, như nhau” thì ta cũng có thể dùng cấu trúc của danh từ.:
S + V + the same + (N) + as + N / Pronoun.
Ex: - My house is as high as yours. → My house is the same height as yours.
Adj
N
- Mary is as old as Tony. → Marry and Tony are the same age.
Adj
N
*. Những tính từ có danh từ tương đương.
Adj
Noun
Heavy / light
weight
Wide / narrow
width
Deep / shallow
depth
Long / short
length
Big / small
size
old
age
f. Trong so sánh bằng, đôi khi người ta cũng dùng một danh từ số ít với mạo từ “a / an” theo sau “as + adj”:
as + adj + a / an + N + as”
Ex: Miss Shaw is as patient a teacher as anyone can be.
(= As a teacher, Miss Shaw is as patient as anyone can be.)
 Để dùng cách nói này ở dang phủ định, chúng ta có thể dùng:
“not as + adj + a / an + N “hoặc “not such a / an + adj + N”
Ex: He is not as good a player as he used to be.
(He os not such a good player as he used to be.)
g. Much / far / a lot / a bit / a little / very much và “slightly” được dùng đứng trước các tính từ / trạng từ ở
cấp độ so sánh hơn. -> Dùng khi muốn nhấn mạnh
Ex: She is much / far / a lot more intelligent than I think.
She is a bit older than her husband.
l. This is + superlative + S + the present perfect (This is + SSN + thì hiện tại hoàn thành.)
Ex: This is the best movie I've ever seen.
 Khi nói về tình huống trong quá khứ, chúng ta dùng thì QKHT thay vì dùng HTHT.
Ex: It was the coldest winter they had ever had.

m. Tính từ so sánh nhất cũng thường được dùng trong cách nói: one of + superlative + plural noun. (one of
+ SSN + dt số nhiều)
Ex: Leon Messi is one of the best footballers in the world.
Exercise 1: Complete the following sentences with suitable comparison form of adjectives or adverbs in bracket.
(Hoàn thành các câu sau bằng hình thức so sánh thích hợp của từ trong ngoặc đơn – so bằng, sánh hơn hoặc so
sánh nhất.)
Question 1. She is (beautiful) ………………………………………………… than her sister.
Question 2. This cellphone is (expensive)…………………………………………. than that one.
Question 3. He runs (fast) …………………………………………………… than his brother.
Question 4. Her house is (comfortable)…………………………………………in my hometown.
Question 5. Summer is (hot)……………………………………………… than winter.
Question 6. Today's test is (easy)……………………………………………. than last week's test.
Question 7. Minh is (tall) ……………………………………………………boy of the three.
Question 8. That car is (modern) ……………………………………………………… in showroom.
Question 9. This road is (long) ………………………………………………………..in the country.
Question 10. This test is (difficult) ………………………………………………….I have ever met.
Question 11. He didn't drive (carefully) ……………………….as his father.
EXERCISE 2: Read the situation and complete the sentences. Use a comparative form.
1. Yesterday the temperature was nine degrees. Today it's only six degrees.
® It's ______________________________________________________
2. The journey takes four hours by car and five hours by train.
® It takes ___________________________________________________
3. Chris and Joe both did badly in the exam. Chris got 20% but Joe only got 15%.
® Joe did ______________________________________________________
4. I expected my friends to arrive at about 4 o'clock. In fact they arrived at 2.30.
® My friends _________________________________________________
5. We were very busy at work today. We're not usually as busy as that.
® We _________________________________________________________

Exercise 3: Choose the best answer for each question.
1. Which boy is _____________? Henry or Frank?
a) young          
b) the youngest       
c) younger             d) more young
2. Paul isn't   ________________ Jimmy.
a) the strongest        
b) stronger     
c) strong               d) as strong as
3. The Nile is _______________ river in the world.
a) the longest         
b) very long     
c) longer                d) long
4. February is ______________ than January.
a) short            
b) the shortest       
c) shorter              d) more short
5. Shakespeare was  ______________ English play writer.
a) good            
b) better          
c) goodest             d) the best
6. Tea is a _______________ drink than coffee in Turkey.
a) popular         
b) the most popular     c) more popular     d) popularist
7. Australia is __________________ continent in the world.
a) the smallest          
b) small           
c) smaller             d) more small
8. Don't you think boxing is ____________________ than wrestling?
a) exciting          
b) more exciting    
c) excited          d) the most exciting

9. Chess is ____________________ than backgammon.
a) more difficult            b) difficult    
c) most difficult   d) difficulter
10. Health is __________________ thing in life.
a) important       
b) best important  c) more important         d) the most important
11. My car is _________________ your car.
a) faster            
b) fast                
c) as fast as                       d) fastest
12. Jupiter is _______________ planet in the solar system.
a) the biggest          
b) big                 
c) bigger                        d) better big
13. I think Physics is ___________________ Maths.
a) boring       
b) more boring       
c) as boring as             d) less boring
14. His computer is _____________ than my computer.
a) good                
b) bad              
c) the worst                     d) worse
15. İstanbul is ____________ than Ankara.
a) crowded       b) the most crowded       
c) more crowded          d) less crowded
16. English is _______________ lesson on our time table.
a) the most enjoyable       b) enjoyable    
c) more enjoyable         d) enjoy
17. Mount Ararat is ________________ mount in Turkey.
a) higher        
b) high    
c) the highest         d) most high
18. Mrs Watson is _____________ Mr Berkley.
a) the richest               b) richer          c) rich                          d) as rich as
19. Isabelle is ____________ than the other students in class.
a) successful   
b) the most successful    c) more successful     d) a bit successful
20. Bugs Bunny is ______________ cartoon character.
a) the funniest             b) more funny             c) funny                d) funnier
21. My grandfather is __________ than my grandmother.
 a) the oldest                b) older             c) old             
d) olderest
22. This new restaurant is ______________ the other restaurant.
a) the cheapest     
b) cheaper       c) as cheap as  
d) quite cheap
23. A dolphin is __________________ than a whale.
 a) more intelligent        b) intelligent         c) most intelligent        d) very intelligent
24. This is  ____________ question of the test.
 a) easier              
b) easy              c) the easiest         
d) most easy
25. Could you give me ________________ book in your library.
 a) interesting         
b) more interesting    c) the most interesting       d) interested