!! European Transport Systems 1990 - 2010
What have been the trends and what are
the prospects for European transport systems?
A
It is difficult to conceive hình dung of vigorousmạnh mẽ economic growth without an
efficient transport system. Although modern information technologies can reduce the
demand for physical transport by facilitating teleworking and teleservices, the requirement
for transport continues to increase. There are two key factors behind this trend. For
passenger transport, the determining factor is the spectacular growth in car use. The
number of cars on European Union (EU) roads saw an increase of three million cars each
year from 1990 to 2010, and in the next decade, the EU will see a further substantial
increase in its fleet.
B
As far as goods transport is concerned Đối với , growth is due to a large extent phần
lớnto changes những thay đổi in the European economy and its system of production. In
the last 20 years, as internal frontiers have been abolished, the EU has moved from a
”stock”“dự trữ” economy to a ”flow” “tuôn chảy”economy. This phenomenon has been
emphasised củng cố by the relocation di dời of some industries, particularly those which are
labour intensive sử dụng nhiều lao động, to reduce production costschi phí sản xuất, even
though the production siteđịa điểm is hundreds or even thousands of kilometres away from
the final assembly plant nhà máy lắp ráp or away from users.
C
The strong economic growth expecteddự kiến in countries which are candidates for
entryứng cử viên gia nhập to the EU will also increase transport flows lưu lượng vận tải, in
particular, road haulage traffic vận tải đường bộ. In 1998, some of these countries already
exported more than twice their 1990 volumes khối lượng and imported more than five
times their 1990 volumes. And although many candidate countries inherited a transport
system which encourages rail đường sắt, the distribution between modesphương thức has
tippednghiêng hẳn sharply in favour of road transport có lợi cho vận tải đường bộsince the
1990s. Between 1990 and 1998，road haulagevận tải đường bộ increased by 19.4%, while during the
same period rail haulagecùng thời kỳ vận tải đường sắt decreased by 43.5%, although – and this
could benefit mang lại lợi íchthe enlarged EU – it is still on average at a much higher level than in
existing member states.quốc gia thành viên hiện tại.
D
However, a new imperative-sustainable development – offers an opportunity for adapting the EU's
common transport policy. This objective, agreed by the Gothenburg European Council, has to be
achieved by integrating environmental considerations into Community policies tích hợp môi
trường vào các chính sách cộng đồng, and shifting the balancethay đổi cán cân
between modes of transport lies at the heart nằm ở trung tâm of its strategy. The ambitious objective
can only be fully achieved by 2020, but proposed measures are nonetheless dù sao a first essential
step towards a sustainable transport system which will ideally be in placeđược triển khai in 30 years'
time, that is by 2040.
E
In 1998, energy consumption in the transport sector trong ngành giao thôngwas to blame
for bị cho là nguyên nhân của 28% of emissions of CO2，the leading greenhouse gas.
hàng đầu trong nhà kính.According to the latest estimates, if nothing is done to
reverseđảo ngược the traffic growth trendxu hướng phát triển, CO2 emissions from

transport can be expected có thể được dự kiếnto increase by around 50% to 1,113 billion
tonnes by 2020，compared withso với the 739 billion tonnes recorded in 1990. Once again,
road transport is the main culpritthủ phạm chính since it alone accounts for 84% of the CO2
emissions attributable to dotransport. Using alternative fuels and improving energy efficiency is
thus both an ecological necessity and a technological challenge.
F
At the same time, greater efforts must be made to achieve a modal shift thay đổi về phương
thức. Such a change cannot be achieved overnight, all the less so after over half a century of
constant deteriorationsuy thoái liên tục in favour of road. This has reached such a pitchcao
đến mức that today rail freight servicesdịch vụ vận tải đường sắt are facing
marginalisationviệc bị cách ly, with just 8% of market sharethị phần,, and with international
goods trains các đoàn tàu hàng quốc tếstruggling along at an average speed of 18km/h.
Three possible options have emerged.Mua sách bán chạy nhất trực tuyến
G
The first approachCách tiếp cận đầu tiên would consist of focusing on road transport solely
through pricing thông qua việc dinh giá. This option would not be accompanied by
complementary measures in the other modes of transport. In the short term, it might curbkiềm
chế the growth in road transport through the better loading ratio of goods vehicles and
occupancy rates of passenger vehicles expected as a result of the increasetỷ lệ lấp đầy các
loại xe chở khách dự kiến sẽ làm tăng giá vận chuyển. in the price of transport.
However, the lack of measures available to revitalisecó sẵn để phục hồi other modes of
transport would make it impossible for more sustainable modes of transport to take up the baton.
H
The second approach also concentrates on road transport pricing but is accompanied bynhưng
được đi kèm với measures to increase the efficiency of the other modes (better quality of
services, logistics, technology). However, this approach does not include investment in new
infrastructure, nor does it guarantee better regional cohesionđảm bảo sự gắn kết ở địa
phương t. It could help to achieve greater uncoupling tách rời tốt hơn than the first
approach, but road transport would keep the lion‟s share of the market and continue to
concentrate on saturated arteriesđường huyết mạch vốn đã bão hòa, despite being the
most polluting of the modes. It is therefore not enough to guarantee the necessary shift of the
balance.
I
The third approach, which is not new, comprises a series of measures ranging from pricing to
revitalising làm sống lại alternative modes of transportphương thức thay thế and
targeting investment in the trans-European network. This integrated approach would allow the
market shares of the other modes to return to their 1998 levels and thus make a shift of balance.
It is far more ambitious than it looks, bearing in mind the historical imbalance in favour of roads
for the last fifty years, but would achieve a marked break in the link between road transport
growth and economic growth, without placing restrictions on the mobility of people and goods.
Questions 14-21

Reading Passage 2 has nine paragraphs, A-I. Choose the correct heading for paragraphs A-E and
G-I from the list of headings below. Write the correct number i-xi, in boxes 14-21 on your
answer sheet.
List of Headings
A fresh and important long-term goal
Charging for roads and improving other transport methods
Changes affecting the distances goods may be transported
Taking all the steps necessary to change transport patterns
The environmental costs of road transport
The escalating cost of rail transport
The need to achieve transport rebalance
The rapid growth of private transport
Plans to develop major road networks
Restricting road use through charging policies alone
Transport trends in countries awaiting EU admission
14. Paragraph A
15. Paragraph B
16. Paragraph C
17. Paragraph D
18. Paragraph E
19. Paragraph G
20. Paragraph H
21. Paragraph I
Example: Paragraph F. Answer: vii
Questions 22-26
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 2? In boxes
22-26 on your answer sheet, write:
TRUE if the statement agrees with the information
FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this

22. The need for transport is growing, despite technological developments.
23. To reduce production costs, some industries have been moved closer to their relevant
consumers.
24. Cars are prohibitively expensive in some EU candidate countries.
25. The Gothenburg European Council was set up 30 years ago.
26. By the end of this decade, CO2 emissions from transport are predicted to reach 739 billion
tonnes.

Questions 14-21
Reading Passage 192 has nine paragraphs, A-I.
Choose the correct heading for paragraphs A-E and G-I from the list of headings below.
Write the correct number i-xi, in boxes 14-21 on your answer sheet.Mua sách bán chạy nhất trực
tuyến
List of Headings
i
ii
iii
iv
v
vi
vii
viii
ix
x
xi

A fresh and important long-term goal
Charging for roads and improving other transport methods
Changes affecting the distances goods may be transported
Taking all the steps necessary to change transport patterns
The environmental costs of road transport
The escalating cost of rail transport
The need to achieve transport rebalance
The rapid growth of private transport
Plans to develop major road networks
Restricting road use through charging policies alone
Transport trends in countries awaiting EU admission

14

Paragraph A

15

Paragraph B

16

Paragraph C

17

Paragraph D

18

Paragraph E

19

Paragraph G

20

Paragraph H

21

Paragraph I

Questions 14-21

Reading Passage 192 has nine paragraphs, A-I.
Choose the correct heading for paragraphs A-E and G-I from the list of headings below.
Write the correct number i-xi, in boxes 14-21 on your answer sheet
Example:
Answer:
Paragraph F
vii
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III. European Transport Systems 1990 - 2010: Đề thi thật IELTS READING (IELTS Reading
Recent Actual Test)
Questions 14-21
Reading Passage 2 has nine paragraphs, A-I. Choose the correct heading for paragraphs A-E and
G-I from the list of headings below. Write the correct number i-xi, in boxes 14-21 on your
answer sheet.
List of Headings

i. A fresh and important long-term goal
ii. Charging for roads and improving other transport methods
iii. Changes affecting the distances goods may be transported
iv. Taking all the steps necessary to change transport patterns
v. The environmental costs of road transport
vi. The escalating cost of rail transport
vii. The need to achieve transport rebalance
viii. The rapid growth of private transport
ix. Plans to develop major road networks
x. Restricting road use through charging policies alone
xi. Transport trends in countries awaiting EU admission
14. Paragraph A
15. Paragraph B
16. Paragraph C
17. Paragraph D
18. Paragraph E
19. Paragraph G
20. Paragraph H
21. Paragraph I
Example: Paragraph F. Answer: vii
European Transport Systems 1990 - 2010
What have been the trends and what are the prospects for European transport systems?
A. It is difficult to conceive of vigorous economic growth without an efficient transport system.
Although modern information technologies can reduce the demand for physical transport by
facilitating teleworking and teleservices, the requirement for transport continues to increase.
There are two key factors behind this trend. For passenger transport, the determining factor is the
spectacular growth in car use. The number of cars on European Union (EU) roads saw an
increase of three million cars each year from 1990 to 2010, and in the next decade, the EU will
see a further substantial increase in its fleet.
B. As far as goods transport is concerned, growth is due to a large extent to changes in the
European economy and its system of production. In the last 20 years, as internal frontiers have
been abolished, the EU has moved from a ”stock” economy to a ”flow” economy. This
phenomenon has been emphasised by the relocation of some industries, particularly those which

are labour intensive, to reduce production costs, even though the production site is hundreds or
even thousands of kilometres away from the final assembly plant or away from users.
C. The strong economic growth expected in countries which are candidates for entry to the EU
will also increase transport flows, in particular, road haulage traffic. In 1998, some of these
countries already exported more than twice their 1990 volumes and imported more than five
times their 1990 volumes. And although many candidate countries inherited a transport system
which encourages rail, the distribution between modes has tipped sharply in favour of road
transport since the 1990s. Between 1990 and 1998，road haulage increased by 19.4%,
while during the same period rail haulage decreased by 43.5%, although –
and this could benefit the enlarged EU – it is still on average at a much
higher level than in existing member states.
D. However, a new imperative-sustainable development – offers an
opportunity for adapting the EU's common transport policy. This objective,
agreed by the Gothenburg European Council, has to be achieved by
integrating environmental considerations into Community policies, and
shifting the balance between modes of transport lies at the heart of its
strategy. The ambitious objective can only be fully achieved by 2020, but
proposed measures are nonetheless a first essential step towards a
sustainable transport system which will ideally be in place in 30 years‟
time, that is by 2040.
E. In 1998, energy consumption in the transport sector was to blame for
28% of emissions of CO2，the leading greenhouse gas. According to the
latest estimates, if nothing is done to reverse the traffic growth trend, CO2
emissions from transport can be expected to increase by around 50% to
1,113 billion tonnes by 2020，compared with the 739 billion tonnes
recorded in 1990. Once again, road transport is the main culprit since it
alone accounts for 84% of the CO2 emissions attributable to transport.
Using alternative fuels and improving energy efficiency is thus both an
ecological necessity and a technological challenge.
F. At the same time, greater efforts must be made to achieve a modal shift.
Such a change cannot be achieved overnight, all the less so after over half a
century of constant deterioration in favour of road. This has reached such a
pitch that today rail freight services are facing marginalisation, with just 8%
of market share, and with international goods trains struggling along at an
average speed of 18km/h. Three possible options have emerged.
G. The first approach would consist of focusing on road transport solely
through pricing. This option would not be accompanied by complementary
measures in the other modes of transport. In the short term, it might curb
the growth in road transport through the better loading ratio of goods
vehicles and occupancy rates of passenger vehicles expected as a result of
the increase in the price of transport. However, the lack of measures

available to revitalise other modes of transport would make it impossible for
more sustainable modes of transport to take up the baton.
H. The second approach also concentrates on road transport pricing but is
accompanied by measures to increase the efficiency of the other modes
(better quality of services, logistics, technology). However, this approach
does not include investment in new infrastructure, nor does it guarantee
better regional cohesion. It could help to achieve greater uncoupling than
the first approach, but road transport would keep the lion's share of the
market and continue to concentrate on saturated arteries, despite being the
most polluting of the modes. It is therefore not enough to guarantee the
necessary shift of the balance.
I. The third approach, which is not new, comprises a series of measures
ranging from pricing to revitalising alternative modes of transport and
targeting investment in the trans-European network. This integrated
approach would allow the market shares of the other modes to return to
their 1998 levels and thus make a shift of balance. It is far more ambitious
than it looks, bearing in mind the historical imbalance in favour of roads for
the last fifty years, but would achieve a marked break in the link between
road transport growth and economic growth, without placing restrictions on
the mobility of people and goods.
IV. Dịch + Giải thích từ mới Passage "European Transport Systems 1990 2010" IELTS READING
Questions 14-21
Reading Passage 2 has nine paragraphs, A-I. Choose the correct heading for
paragraphs A-E and G-I from the list of headings below. Write the correct
number i-xi, in boxes 14-21 on your answer sheet.
14. Paragraph A
15. Paragraph B
16. Paragraph C
17. Paragraph D
18. Paragraph E
19. Paragraph G
20. Paragraph H

List of Headings
i. A fresh and important long-term
goal
ii. Charging for roads and improving
other transport methods
iii. Changes affecting the distances
goods may be transported
iv. Taking all the steps necessary to
change transport patterns

21. Paragraph I

v. The environmental costs of road
transport
vi. The escalating cost of rail
transport
vii. The need to achieve transport
rebalance
viii. The rapid growth of private
transport
ix. Plans to develop major road
networks
x. Restricting road use through
charging policies alone
xi. Transport trends in countries
awaiting EU admission

Questions 22-26
Do the following statements agree with the information given in
Reading Passage 2? In boxes 22-26 on your answer sheet, write:
TRUE if the statement agrees with the information
FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this
22. The need for transport is growing, despite technological developments.
23. To reduce production costs, some industries have been moved closer to
their relevant consumers.
24. Cars are prohibitively expensive in some EU candidate countries.
25. The Gothenburg European Council was set up 30 years ago.

26. By the end of this decade, CO2 emissions from transport are predicted
to reach 739 billion tonnes.
Example: Paragraph F. Answer: vii
#
** 14 Paragraph A/viii The rapid growth of private transportMua sách bán chạy nhất trực
tuyến
Giải thích:
There are two key factors behind this trend. For passenger transport, the determining factor is the
spectacular growth in car use. The number of cars on European Union (EU) roads saw an
increase of three million cars each year from 1990 to 2010, and in the next decade, the EU will
see a further substantial increase in its fleet.
15 Paragraph B/ iii Changes affecting the distances goods may be transported
Giải thích:
This phenomenon has been emphasised by the relocation of some industries, particularly those
which are labour intensive, to reduce production costs, even though the production site is
hundreds or even thousands of kilometres away from the final assembly plant or away from
users.
Questions 22-26
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 192?
In boxes 22-26 on your answer sheet, write
TRUE if the statement agrees with the information
FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this
22. The need for transport is growing, despite technological developments.
22.T The need for transport is growing, despite technological developments.
Nhu cầu giao thông ngày càng tăng, bất chấp sự phát triển của công nghệ.
Giải thích: đoạn A
Although modern information technologies can reduce the demand for physical transport by
facilitating teleworking and teleservices, the requirement for transport continues to increase.
23. To reduce production costs, some industries have been moved closer to their relevant
consumers.
23.F To reduce production costs, some industries have been moved closer to their relevant
consumers.
Để giảm chi phí sản xuất, một số ngành đã được chuyển đến gần hơn với người tiêu dùng có liên
quan của họ.

Giải thích: đoạn B
This phenomenon has been emphasised by the relocation of some industries, particularly those
which are labour intensive, to reduce production costs, even though the production site is
hundreds or even thousands of kilometres away from the final assembly plant or away from
users.
24. Cars are prohibitively expensive in some EU candidate countries. NG PARAGR;C
25. The Gothenburg European Council was set up 30 years ago. F D
26. By the end of this decade, CO2 emissions from transport are predicted to reach 739 billion
tonnes. F E
14. A viii
15. B iii
16. C xi
17. i
18. v
19. x
20. ii
21. iv
22. TRUE
23. FALSE
24. NOT GIVEN C
25. F D
26. FALSE E