LUYỆN THI CÂU ĐIỀU KIỆN
I. KIẾN THỨC CƠ BẢN
1. Câu điều kiện loại I (the conditional sentence type I)
a) Cấu trúc: Clause 1 (the simple future) + if + Clause 2 (the simple present)
b) Cách sử dụng và ví dụ
– Diễn tả sự việc có thể xảy ra ở hiện tại hoặc tương lai.
Ví dụ:
I’ll visit Ho Chi Minh city if I have time.
We’ll pass the exam if we work hard.
c) Các biến thể cơ bản
- Clause 1 (might/do +V) + if + Clause 2 (the simple present)
* để chỉ khả năng khách quan
Ví dụ: It’s sunny. We may get a headache if we go out without a hat.
- Clause 1 (may/can + V) + if + Clause 2 (the simple present)
* để chỉ sự cho phép
Ví dụ: You can go home if you finish your test.
- Clause 1 (must/should + V) + if + Clause 2 (the simple present)
* để chỉ yêu cầu, đề nghị.
Ví dụ: You must do exercises if you want to get good marks.
d) Unless = if ….not….
Ví dụ:
- I won’t visit you if I don’t have time ( Unless I have time, I won’t visit you.
- We’ll go camping if the weather is fine. ( Unless the weather is fine, we won’t go camping.
- If you miss seeing the first part of the film, you can’t say you understand it.
( Unless you see the first part of the film, you can’t say you understand it.
Chú ý: mệnh đề chứa “unless” không dùng dạng phủ định.
2. Câu điều kiện loại II (the conditional sentence type II)
a) Cấu trúc: Clause 1 (would + V) + if + Clause 2 (the simple past tense)
b) Cách sử dụng và ví dụ
– Diễn tả sự việc không có thật ở hiện tại hoặc tương lai
Ví dụ:
If it were cold now, we wouldn’t switch on the fans. (but it’s hot and we have to switch on the fans)
I would fly if I were a bird. (but I am not a bird and I can’t fly)
Chú ý: Chúng ta dùng “were” cho tất cả các ngôi, không dùng “was”
c) Các biến thể
Clause 1 (might/ could + V) + if + Clause 2 (the simple past tense)
* chỉ khả năng
Ví dụ: He might succeed if he tried
I could speak French well if I lived in France.
3. Câu điều kiện loại III (the conditional sentence type III)
a) Cấu trúc: Clause 1 (would have + P2) + if + Clause 2 (the past perfect)
b) Cách sử dụng và ví dụ
– Câu điều kiện loại III là câu điều kiện không có thật ở quá khứ.
Ví dụ:
a. Miss Phuong wouldn’t have won the prize if she hadn’t attended the beauty contest.
(but the fact that she attended and she won the prize)
b. We would have got good marks if we had prepared our last lesson carefully.
(but the fact that we didn’t prepare our last lesson carefully and we didn’t get good marks).
c) Các biến thể
- Clause 1 (could have + P2) + if + Clause 2 (had + P2)
* chỉ sự chủ quan, sự cho phép.
Ví dụ: I could have won a prize if I had taken part in the competition last week.
You could have gone to the cinema if you had finished your homework last night.
- Clause 1 (might have + P2) + if + Clause (had + P2)
* chỉ khả năng khách quan.
Ví dụ: The last crop might have been better if it had rained much.
4. Câu điều kiện hỗn hợp loại II và III (the mix conditional sentence type II & III)
a) Cấu trúc: Clause 1 (would + V) + if + Clause 2 (had + P2)
b) Ví dụ
If I had been born in town, I would like life there.
(the fact that I wasn’t born in town, so I don’t like life there now)
If I followed your advice, I would have a job now.
(the fact that I didn’t follow your advice, so I don’t have a job now)
c) But for + điều kiện loại II, III
But for: nếu không có…
Ví dụ:
- You help me everyday so I can finish my work.
( But for your daily help, I couldn’t finish my work.
- She encouraged him and he succeeded.
(