Trang
Lời nói đầu ( Introduction )……………………………………………………………………………………… 2
Bảng từ viết tắt ( List of English abbreviations/words )…………………………....…………….. 3
Module 1: Pronunciation(Phát âm)……………………………………………………………………….…... 4
Module 2: Stress(Trọng âm) ……………………………………………………………………………………... 6
Module 3: Verb tenses( Thì của động từ) …………………………………………………………………... 8
Module 4: The sequence of tenses( Sự phối hợp thì) ………………………………………………… 9
Module 5: Subject and verb agreements( Sự hòa hợp chủ ngữ và động từ) ……………..… 11
Module 6: Modal verbs(Động từ khiếm khuyết) ………………………………………………………… 13
Module 7: The subjunctive mood( Thức giả định) …………………………………………………….. 16
Module 8: Gerund and infinitive verb( V-ing /to V/V(bare) ) + Lối nói phụ họa………… 18
Module 9: Tag questions( Câu hỏi đuôi)………………………………………………………………….…. 22
Module 10: Comparisons(Sự so sánh)……………………………………………………………………….. 23
Module 11: The orders of the adjectives(Trật tự của tính từ)……………………………………. 25
Module 12: Articles(Mạo từ) …………………………………………………………………………………….. 26
Module 13: Word formation(Cấu tạo từ) ………………………………………………………………….. 29
Module 14: Expressions of quantity( Từ chỉ định lượng) ………………………………………….. 32
Module 15: Passive voices(Thể bị động) …………………………………………………………………… 34
Module 16: Conditional sentences and wish(Câu điều kiện & câu điều ước)………….…... 39
Module 17: Reported speech(Câu tường thuật) ……………………………………………………..….. 41
Module 18: Relative clauses(Mệnh đề quan hệ) ………………………………………………….......…. 44
Module 19: Phrase and clauses(Cụm từ và một câu) +Clauses of manner with………….. 46
Module 20: Inversion(Đảo ngữ) …………………………………………………………………………………. 48
Module 21: Conjunctions(Liên từ)………………………………......……………………………….……….... 50
Module 22: Prepositions( Giới từ) ……………………………………………………………………………... 53
Module 23: Phrasal verbs( Cụm động từ) ………………………………………………………………..…. 61
Module 24: Idioms( Thành ngữ) ……………………………………………………………………………..….. 69
Module 25: Collocations( Cụm từ cố định) …………………………………………………………………. 76
Others structures( Một số cấu trúc khác) ……………………………………………………………………. 79
Correct the mistakes ( Tìm lỗi sai )…………………………………………………………………………...... 83
Communications( Chức năng giao tiếp) …………………………………………………………………….… 84
Common family words( Bảng từ loại thông dụng) …………………………………………………….…. 87
Irregular verbs( Bảng động từ bất quy tắc) ……………………………………………………………….… 98



Các bạn thân mến!

Theo xu thế phát triển xã hội và hội nhập kinh tế toàn cầu, Tiếng Anh ngày càng trở nên quan trọng và cần thiết hơn bao giờ hết. Tuy nhiên ngôn ngữ là một phạm trù rất rộng nên việc thông thạo ngoại ngữ đòi hỏi người đọc phải kiên trì,quyết tâm và đặc biệt là cần có phương pháp học tập hiệu quả.
• Bạn cảm thấy khó khăn với việc học những công thức, mẫu câu ngữ pháp Tiếng Anh phức tạp và cách giải thích dài dòng khó hiểu.
• Bạn đã học đi học lại nhiều lần nhưng vẫn không thể ghi nhớ được những kiến thức ngữ pháp đó .
• Bạn băn khoăn về khả năng ghi nhớ của mình trước một lượng kiến thức khổng lồ trong ngôn ngữ mỗi ngày
• Bạn nói và viết Tiếng Anh nhưng rất sợ người nghe, người đọc hiểu nhầm ý vì sai ngữ pháp của câu.
Quyển sách Ngữ Pháp Tiếng Anh bạn cầm trên tay giúp bạn học và ghi nhớ ngữ pháp Tiếng Anh một cách nhanh chóng qua những ví dụ minh họa và Sơ đồ tư duy ( Mind Map )

Kiến thức siêu đầy đủ ,áp dụng dễ dàng.Phù hợp với mọi trình độ ,mọi đối tượng từ giáo viên đến học sinh.
Quyển sách này sẽ giúp bạn !
• Đột phá việc ghi nhớ các kiến thức
• Nắm trọn ngữ pháp thông qua những từ khóa chính
• Kích thích sự phát triển não bộ qua các sơ đồ tư duy
• Tăng tính ứng dụng thực tế trong các tình huống
Trong quá trình biên soạn sách có thể có những thiếu sót nhất định.Tôi mong nhận được sự góp ý quý báu của các bạn để sách hoàn thiện hơn.
Chúc bạn học tốt !
















STT
Tên viết tắt
Tên viết đầy đủ
Ý nghĩa
1
S
Subject
Chủ ngữ
2
V
Verb
Động từ
3
O
Object
Tân ngữ
4
Adj
Adjective
Tính từ
5
Adv
Adverb
Trạng từ
6
N
Noun
Danh từ
7
Vp2
Past participle
Quá khứ phân từ
8
Sb
Somebody
Một ai đó
9
St
Something
Một cái gì đó
10
V-ing
Gerund / present participle
Danh động từ/hiện tại phân từ
11
Np
Noun phrase
Cụm danh từ























PHÁT ÂM



























• PHÁT ÂM “ ED ” or “S / ES ”














































Mark the letter A, B, c, or D to indicate the word whose underlined part differs from the other three in pronunciation in each of the following questions.
Question 1: A. final B. writer C. ivory D. widow
Question 2: A. passed B. managed C. cleared D. threatened
Question 3: A. ejects B. defends C. advocates D. breaths
Question 4: A. produced B. believed C. stopped D. laughed
Question 5: A. alien B. alloy C. alley D. anthem
Question 6: A. affected B. looked C. decreased D. washed
Question 7: A. missed B. worked C. realized D. watched
Question 8: A. need B. speech C. see D. career
Question 9: A. loved B. appeared C. agreed D. coughed
Question 10: A. pagoda B. integral C. against D. aquatic
Question 11: A. imagines B. bikes C. cultures D. involves
Question 12: A. office B. practice C. service D. device
Question 13: A. finished B. cooked C. attended D. laughed
Question 14: A. number B. future C. furious D. amuse
Question 15: A. concerned B. candied C. travelled D. dried
Question 16: A. speaks B. speeds C. graphs D. beliefs
Question 17: A. dune B. hummock C. shrub D. buffalo
Question 18: A. increased B. pleased C. replaced D. fixed
Question 19: A. looks B. knows C. helps D. sits
Question 20: A. linked B. declared C. finished D. developed
Question 21: A. heat B. beat C. meant D. easy
Question 22: A. sports B. thanks C. games D. enthusiasts
Question 23: A. sacrificed B. trusted C. recorded D. acted
Question 24: A. cooks B. loves C. joins D. spends
Question 25: A. interviewed B. performed C. finished D. delivered
Question 26: A. misses B. goes C. leaves D. potatoes
Question 27: A. removed B. approved C. reminded D. relieved
Question 28: A. young B. plough C. couple D. cousin
Question 29: A. confine B. conceal C. convention D. concentrate
Question 30: A. isolated B. climate C. island D. automobile
Question 31: A. river B. rival C. native D. driven
Question 32: A. valentine B. imagine C. discipline D. determine
Question 33: A. crop B. common C. household D. bodily
Question 34: A. merchant B. sergeant C. mermaid D. commercial
Question 35: A. obstacle B. obscure C. obsession D. oblivious
Question 36: A. failed B. reached C. absorbed D. solved
Question 37: A. develops B. takes C. laughs D. volumes
Question 38: A. species B. invent C. medicine D. tennis
Question 39: A. advanced B. established C. preferred D. stopped
Question 40: A. exact B. examine C. eleven D. elephant
Question 41: A. heavy B. head C. weather D. heat
Question 42: A. processed B. infested C. balanced D. reached
Question 43: A. food B. shoot C. book D. boot
Question 44: A. amount B. country C. counter D. around
Question 45: A. apologize B. agree C. algebra D. aggressive
Question 46: A. likes B. tightens C. heaps D. coughs
Question 47: A. building B. suitable C. suit D. recruitment
Question 48: A. create B. creature C. easy D. increase
Question 49: A. needed B. played C. rained D. followed
Question 50: A. ploughs B. photographs C. gas D. laughs
Question 51: A. broad B. load C. road D. boat
Question 52: A. acronym B. agency C. became D. aviation
Question 53: A. account B. amount C. mourning D. trout
Question 54: A. sound B. touchy C. outdated D. account
Question 55: A. fungus B. rubbish C. function D. furious
Question 56: A. contain B. entertain C. certain D. campaign
Question 57: A. measure B. pleasure C. threat D. treat
Question 58: A. south B. southern C. scout D. drought
Question 59: A. dome B. comb C. home D. tomb
Question 60: A. accountant B. country C. count D. fountain
Question 61: A. clubs B. books C. hats D. stamps
Question 62: A. advance B. ancient C. cancer D. annual
Question 63: A. canoeing B. penalty C. rival D. tsunami
Question 64: A. increase B. meant C. flea D. lease
Question 65: A. goalie B. archive C. signal D. advertisement
Question 66: A. bury B. hurt C. turn D. excursion
Question 67: A. book B. foot C. brook D. booth
Question 68: A. punctual B. rubbish C. thunder D. furious
Question 69: A. sound B. touch C. down D. account
Question 70: A. clerk B. reserve C. deserve D. herb
Question 71: A. spark B. share C. park D. smart
Question 72: A. hasty B. nasty C. wastage D. tasty
Question 73: A. neigh B. height C. weigh D. vein
Question 74: A. butter B. gum C. butcher D. summer
Question 75: A. hall B. salt C. drawn D. roll
Question 76: A. lost B. post C. loan D. pole
Question 77: A. adopted B. appealed C. dedicated D. wounded
Question 78: A. mile B. militant C. smile D. kind
Question 79: A. peace B. great C. treat D. meat
Question 80: A. sailor B. tailor C. naivety D. painter








Tiếng Anh là ngôn ngữ đa âm tiết. Những từ có hai âm tiết trở lên luôn có một âm tiết phát âm khác biệt hẳn so với những âm tiết còn lại về độ dài, độ lớn và độ cao. Âm tiết nào được phát âm to hơn, giọng cao hơn và kéo dài hơn các âm khác trong cùng một từ thì ta nói âm tiết đó được nhấn trọng âm. Hay nói cách khác, trọng âm rơi vào âm tiết đó.
Khi nhìn vào phiên âm của một từ thì trọng âm của từ đó được kí hiệu bằng dấu (') ở phía trước, bên trên âm tiết đó.



















































Mark the letter A, B, c, or D to indicate the word that differs from the other three in the position of the main stress in each of the following questions.
Question 1: A. apply B. persuade C. reduce D. offer
Question 2: A. preservatives B. congratulate C. preferential D. development
Question 3: A. president B. physicist C. inventor D. property
Question 4: A. economy B. unemployment C. communicate D. particular
Question 5: A. elephant B. dinosaur C. buffalo D. mosquito
Question 6: A. scientific B. intensity C. disappearance D. expectation
Question 7: A. conference B. lecturer C. researcher D. reference
Question 8: A. intentional B. optimistic C. environment D. participant
Question 9: A. explain B. happen C. decide D. combine
Question 10: A. represent B. intensive C. domestic D. employment
Question 11: A. minister B. dependent C. encourage D. agreement
Question 12: A. equip B. listen C. answer D. enter
Question 13: A. involve B. provide C. install D. comment
Question 14: A. hospital B. inflation C. policy D. constantly
Question 15: A. garment B. comment C. cement D. even
Question 16: A. different B. achievement C. educate D. primary
Question 17: A. sorrow B. schooling C. passion D. subtract
Question 18: A. certainty B. activity C. organize D. compliment
Question 19: A. publish B. replace C. involve D. escape
Question 20: A. police B. system C. woman D. novel
Question 21: A. attract B. amaze C. offer D. require
Question 22: A. delicate B. promotion C. volcanic D. resources
Question 23: A. figure B. honest C. polite D. happy
Question 24: A. engage B. import C. conserve D. maintain
Question 25: A. original B. responsible C. reasonable D. comparison
Question 26: A. person B. hotel C. signal D. instance
Question 27: A. situation B. appropriate C. informality D. entertainment
Question 28: A. different B. bamboo C. rainfall D. wildlife
Question 29: A. gorilla B. interesting C. September D. opponent
Question 30: A. promote B. precede C. picture D. pollute
Question 31: A. exciting B. impolite C. attention D. attractive
Question 32: A. curious B. receive C. unique D. achieve
Question 33: A. comprehend B. entertain C. develop D. introduce
Question 34: A. consider B. concentrate C. interest D. sacrifice
Question 35: A. pollutant B. graduate C. enjoyable D. suspicious
Question 36: A. generous B. endangered C. horrible D. wonderful
Question 37: A. history B. village C. surprise D. physics
Question 38: A. deafness B. arrange C. absorb D. exhaust
Question 39: A. pressure B. sensible C. treatment D. canal
Question 40: A. publish B. predict C. reply D. refuse
Question 41: A. machine B. export C. chemist D. proceed
Question 42: A. applicant B. preference C. sufficient D. appointment
Question 43: A. interview B. concentrate C. comfortable D. technology
Question 44: A. example B. happiness C. advantage D. disaster
Question 45: A. explain B. involve C. swallow D. control
Question 46: A. character B. guitarist C. astronaut D. bachelor
Question 47: A. surgeon B. conquest C. profit D. canal
Question 48: A. supply B. consist C. happen D. delay
Question 49: A. broaden B. persuade C. reduce D. explain
Question 50: A. solidarity B. effectively C. documentary D. dedication
Question 51: A. royal B. unique C. remote D. extreme
Question 52: A. enroll B. promote C. require D. danger
Question 53: A. optimistic B. diversity C. environment D. assimilate
Question 54: A. affectionate B. kindergarten C. respectable D. occasional
Question 55: A. certificate B. compulsory C. remember D. information
Question 56: A. treasure B. appoint C. advance D. diverse
Question 57: A. conceal B. contain C. conserve D. conquer
Question 58: A. forgettable B. philosophy C. humanism D. objectively
Question 59: A. centralize B. candidate C. applicant D. motivation
Question 60: A. compass B. campus C. comfort D. command







Thì
Dạng
SIMPLE PRESENT
(Hiện tại đơn)
SIMPLE PAST
(Quá khứ đơn)
Khẳng định
S + V[-s/es]
S + V-ed/V cột 2
Phủ định
S + don't / doesn't + V1
S + didn't + V1
Nghi vấn
Do / Does + S + V1 …?
Did + S + V1 …?
Dấu hiệu nhận biết
- always, usually, occasionally, often, …
- every:every day, every year, every Sunday
- once a day , twice…, 3 times…
- yesterday
- last + time: last week, last Sunday…
- time+ ago : two months ago, five years ago…
- in the past, in + year (past): in 1990, …

Thì
Dạng
PRESENT CONTINUOUS
(Hiện tại tiếp diễn)
PAST CONTINUOUS
(Quá khứ tiếp diễn)
Khẳng định
S + am / is / are + V-ing
S + was / were + V-ing
Phủ định
S + am not / isn't / aren't + V-ing
S + wasn't / weren't + V-ing
Nghi vấn
Am / Is / Are + S + V-ing …?
Was / Were + S + V-ing …?
Dấu hiệu nhận biết
- now, at present
- at the moment
- Sau câu mệnh lệnh :
Vd: Keep silent! The baby is sleeping.
Look! He is running.
- At that moment
- When / As + S + (simple past), S + was/ were V-ing
Vd: When I came, she was crying.
- While :
Vd: A dog crossed the road while I was driving.

Thì
Dạng
PRESENT PERFECT
(Hiện tại hoàn thành)
PAST PERFECT
(Quá khứ hoàn thành)
Khẳng định
S + has / have + V-ed/V cột 3
S + had + V-ed/V cột 3
Phủ định
S + hasn't / haven't + V-ed/ V cột 3
S + hadn't + V-ed/ V cột 3
Nghi vấn
Has / Have + S + V-ed/ V cột 3 …?
Had + S + V-ed/ V cột 3…?
Dấu hiệu nhận biết
- just, already, ever, yet, recently, lately,..
- since, for : since 1995, for 9 years
- so far, up to now , It is the first time…..
- after + S + had V3/ED , (simple past)
- before + (simple past), S + had V3/ED
- By the time + S + V(simple past) , S + had V3/ED: cho đến lúc........


Thì
Dạng
SIMPLE FUTURE
(Tương lai đơn)
FUTURE PERFECT
(Tương lai hoàn thành)
Khẳng định
S + will + V 1
S + will have+ V-ed/ V cột 3
Phủ định
S + won't + V 1
S + won't have + V-ed/ V cột 3
Nghi vấn
Will + S + V 1?
Will + S + have + V-ed/ V cột 3…?
Dấu hiệu nhận biết
- tomorrow
- next + time : next week, next Monday,….
- in the future
- by the end of this month
- by the time+S+ V (simple present), S + will have V3/ED


Thì
Dạng
NEAR FUTURE
(Tương lai gần)
FUTURE CONTINUOUS
(Tương lai tiếp diễn)
Khẳng định
S + am/is/are going to + V 1
S + will be + ving
Dấu hiệu nhận biết
- Diễn tả 1 kế hoạch, dự định.
- Diễn tả 1 dự đoán có căn cứ
- Diển tả 1 sự việc đang xảy ra ở tương lai.







Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the following questions.
1. Jane________law at Harvard for four years now.
A. is studying B. has been studying C. studies D. studied
2. This time tomorrow________on the beach sunbathing and drinking freshly squeezed fruit juice!
A. I'll have been lying B. I will lie
C. I will be lying D. I will have lain
3. We________for three hours and we are very tired.
A. waited B. have been waiting C. wait D. had waited
4. She________for hours. That's why her eyes are red now.
A. cried B. has been crying C. was crying D. has cried
5. When I last saw him, he________in London.
A. is living B. has been living C. was living D. lived
6. By the time he arrives here tomorrow, they________for London.
A. would have left B. will have left C. will left D. are leaving
7. Mr. Pike________English at our school for 20 years before he retired last year.
A. had been teaching B. has been teaching
C. was teaching D. is teaching
8. They________for Japan at 10.30 tomorrow.
A. will be leaving B. have left C. will have left D. will leave
9. When I________to the airport, I realized that I________my passport at home.
A. got/had left B. got/left C. had got/had left D. got/was left
10. I________was angry when you saw me because I________with my sister.
A. have been arguing B. had been arguing C. argued D. would argue
11. Call me as soon as you________your test results.
A. get B. will get C. will have got D. got
12. I________to Greece until Sally and I went there last summer.
A. have never been B. had never been C. was never being D. were never
13. I________ along the street when I suddenly heard footsteps behind me.
A. was walking B. am walking C. walk D. walked
14. He occasionally________a headache in the morning.
A. has had B. has C. have D. is having
15. The boy fell while he________down the stairs.
A. run B. running C. was running D.runs
16. I will come and see you before I________for America.
A. leave B. will leave C. have left D. left
17. When the first child was born, they _______ for three years.
A. have been married B. had been married
C. will be married D. will have been married
18. It________a long time since we were apart. I did not recognize her.
A. is B. has been C. was D. had been
19. Many of the people who attended Mr. David's funeral________him for many years.
A. didn't see B. wouldn't see C. haven't seen D. hadn't seen
20. We were both very excited about the visit, as we________each other for________ages.
A. never saw B. didn't see C. hadn't seen D. haven't seen
21. In one year's time, she________for this company for 15 years.
A. will be working B. will have been working
C. will work D. has worked
22. His health has improved a lot since he________doing exercises regularly.
A. starts B. started C. has started D. had started
23. She hurt herself while she________hide-and-seek with her friends.
A. is playing B. had played C. played D. was playing
24. .What________at 9 o'clock last night? I phoned you but couldn't get through to you.
A. did you do B. were you doing C. would you do D. had you done
25. It is raining heavily with rolls of thunder. We________such a terrible thunderstorm.
A. would never see B. had never seen C. have never seen D. never see
26. I _______ my old teacher last week.
A. visited B. visit C. am visiting D. have visited
27. My brother usually ________me for help when he has any difficulties with his homework.
A. ask B. asks C. asked D. has asked
28. I ______ all of my homework last night.
A. finish B. will finish C. have finished D. finished
29. Lan________ learning English a few years ago.
A. starts B. will start C. started D. is starting
30. Only after she________from a severe illness did she realize the importance of good health.
A. would recover B. has recovered
C. had recovered D. was recovering
31. Only after the bus________for a few miles did Jane realize she was on the wrong route.
A. was running B. had run C. has run D. runs
32. The children________to bed before their parents came home from work.
A. were all going B. had all gone C. had all been going D. have all gone
33. Paul noticed a job advertisement while he________along the street.
A. was walking B. would walk C. walked D. had walked
34. I haven't met him again since we________school ten years ago.
A. have left B. leave C. left D. had left
35. For the last 20 years, we________significant changes in the world of science and technology.
A. witness B. have witnessed C. witnessed D. are witnessing
36. My best friend Lan________to England 10 years ago.
A. was moving B. moves C. moved D. has moved
37. Mr.Pike________for this company for more than thirty years, and he intends to stay here until he________.
A. worked/retires B. works/is retiring
C. has been working/retires D. is working/will retire
38. While I________at the bus stop, three buses went by in the opposite direction.
A. was waiting B. waited C. had waited D. were waiting
39. By the end of last March, I________English for five years.
A. had been studied B. had been studying
C. will have been studying D. will have studied
40. ________Alan for hours but he hasn't answered his mobile. I hope nothing's wrong.
A. I call B. I've been calling C. I'm calling D. called
41. We________in silence when he suddenly________me to help him.
A. walked - was asking B. were walking - asked
C. were walking - was asking D. walked - asked
42. By the time the software________on sale next month, the company________$2 million on developing it.
A. went - had spent B. will go - has spent
C. has gone - will spend D. goes - will have spent
43. When Carol________last night, I________my favorite show on television.
A. called /was watching B. had called /watched
C. called /have watched D. was calling /watched
44. Linda took great photos of butterflies while she________in the forest.
A. was hiking B. is hiking C. hiked D. had hiked
45. When I________for my sister in front of the supermarket, a strange man came to talk with me.
A. was waiting B. waited C. had waited D. were waiting




Một câu có thể bao gồm một mệnh đề chính (main clause) và một hoặc nhiều mệnh đề phụ (subordinate clause). Khi trong câu có hai mệnh đề trở lên, các động từ phải có sự phối hợp về thì.
• Một số cách hòa hợp thì giữa mệnh đề chính và mệnh đề thời gian:
Main clause
(Mệnh đề chính)
Adverbial clause of time
(Mệnh đề trạng ngữ chỉ thời gian)
Hiện tại
Hiện tại
Quá khứ
Quá khứ
Tương lai
Hiện tại
1. Sự phối hợp thì trong mệnh đề trạng ngữ chỉ thời gian:
WHEN
diễn tả hành động xảy ra nối tiếp nhau
Trong QUÁ KHỨ:
WHEN + S + V (quá khứ đơn), S + V (quá khứ đơn)
Eg: When he saw me, he smiled, at me.


Trong TƯƠNG LAI:
WHEN + S + V (hiện tại đơn), S + V (tương lai đơn)
Eg: When I see him, I will remind him to call you.

diễn tả một hành động đang xảy ra thì có hành động khác xen vào
Trong QUÁ KHỨ:
WHEN + S + V (quá khứ đơn), S + V (quá khứ tiếp diễn)
Eg: When I came to see her, she was cooking dinner.



Trong TƯƠNG LAI:
WHEN + S + V (hiện tại đơn), S + V (tương lai tiếp diễn)


Eg: When you come in, your boss will be waiting for you there.

diễn tả một hành động xảy ra xong trước một hành động khác
Trong QUÁ KHỨ:
WHEN + S + V (quá khứ đơn), S + V (quá khứ hoàn thành)
Eg: When I arrived at the airport, the plane had taken off


Trong TƯƠNG LAI:
WHEN + S + V (hiện tại đơn), S + V(tương lai hoàn thành)
Eg: When you return to the town, they will have finished building a new bridge.
AS SOON AS
diễn tả hành động xảy ra nối tiếp nhau
Trong QUÁ KHỨ:
AS SOON AS + S + V (quá khứ đơn), S + V (quá khứ đơn)
Eg: As soon as she saw a mouse, she shouted and ran away.


Trong TƯƠNG LAI:
AS SOON AS + S + V (hiện tại đơn/hiện tại hoàn thành), S + V (tương lai đơn)
Eg: I will call you as soon as I have finished / finish the work.
SINCE
diễn tả nghĩa “từ khi''
S + V (hiện tại hoàn thành) + SINCE + V (quá khứ đơn)
Eg: We have known each other since we were at high school.
BY + TIME
diễn tả hành động kết thúc tính đến một điểm nào đó trong quá khứ/tương lai
Trong QUÁ KHỨ:
BY + trạng từ của quá khứ + S + V (quá khứ hoàn thành)
Eg: By last month, we had worked for the company for 9 years.


Trong TƯƠNG LAI:
BY + trạng từ của tương lai + S + V (tương lai hoàn thành)
Eg: By next month, we will have worked for the company for 9 years.
AT THIS/ THAT TIME
diễn tả hành động đang xảy ra tại một thời điểm xác định trong quá khứ/tương lai
Trong QUÁ KHỨ:
AT THIS/THAT TIME + trạng từ của quá khứ + S + V (quá khứ tiếp diễn)
Eg: At this time last week, we were preparing for Tet.


Trong TƯƠNG LAI:
AT THIS/THAT TIME + trạng từ của tương lai + S + V (tương lai tiếp diễn)
Eg: At this time next week, we will be having a big party in the garden.
BY THE TIME
diễn tả nghĩa “vào lúc”
Trong QUÁ KHỨ:
BY THE TIME + S + V (quá khứ đơn), S + V (quá khứ hoàn thành)
Eg: By the time she got home, everyone had gone to bed.


Trong TƯƠNG LAI:
BY THE TIME + S + V (hiện tại đơn), S + V (tương lai hoàn thành)
Eg: By the time she gets home, everyone will have gone to bed.
AFTER
diễn tả hành động xảy ra xong rồi mới tới hành động khác
Trong QUÁ KHỨ:
AFTER + S + V (quá khứ hoàn thành), S + V (quá khứ đơn)
Eg: After she had done her homework, she went out for a walk.



Trong TƯƠNG LAI:
AFTER + S + V (hiện tại hoàn thành), S + V (hiện tại đơn)
Eg: After she has done her homework, she goes out for a walk.
BEFORE
diễn tả hành động xảy ra xong trước khi có hành động khác tới
Trong QUÁ KHỨ:
BEFORE + S + V (quá khứ đơn), S + V (quá khứ hoàn thành)
Eg: Before she went to bed, she had locked all the doors.


Trong TƯƠNG LAI:
BEFORE + S + V (hiện tại đơn), S + V (tương lai hoàn thành)
Eg: Hurry up or the film will have ended before we go to the movie.
UNTIL/ TILL
diễn tả nghĩa “cho tới khi”
S + V (tương lai đơn)/ V(bare)/DON'T + V(bare) + UNTIL/TILL + S + V (hiện tại đơn/hiện tại hoàn thành)
Eg: I will wait for you until it is possible.
Wait here until I come back.
• CHANGE INTO THE PAST SIMPLE  PRESENT SIMPLE PERFECT

1.S + Last +V2/ed + time +ago/in+ mốc thời gian./when + clause
=> S +have/has + not + V3/ed + for +khoảng thời gian.
+ since + mốc thời gian.
=>It's + time + since + S +last +V2/ed
=>The last time + S + V2/ed +was+ time + ago
2.This is the first time + S + have/has + V3/ed
=>S + have/has + never + V3/ed + before
3.S started/began + Ving/to V +………………+khoảng thời gian +ago
+……………...In + mốc thời gian./when + clause
=>S + have/has + V3/ed +for + khoảng thời gian
+since + mốc thời gian
4.When + did + S + started/begin + to V/Ving………..?
=>How long + have/has + S + V3/ed….?






Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the following questions.
1. I ________ your brother at Green Street yesterday afternoon.
A. meet B. met C. have met D. had met
2. He ________ a cigarette and ________ to the window.
A. light; walked B. lit; walks C. lighted; walked D. lights; walks
3. After she ________ for help, she ________ off her shoes and ________ in to save him.
A. shouted; took; jumped B. had shouted; took; jumped
C. had shouted; had taken; jumped D. shouted; had taken; jumped
4. I can't go with you because I ________ my homework yet.
A. haven't finished B. had finished C. finished D. finish
5. He ________ for London 2 years ago and since then I ________ him.
A. have left; didn't see B. left; haven't seen
C. eft; hadn't seen D. had left; have't seen
6. The performance ________ at 7 o'clock and ________ for 3 hours. We all ________ it very much.
A. had started; had lasted; enjoyed B. had started; lasted; enjoyed
C. started; had lasted; enjoyed D. started; lasted; enjoyed
7. Tell them to stop and take a rest. They ________ long enough.
A. have worked B. had worked C. have been working D. had been working
8. "You ________ here before?” □ "Yes, I ________ my holidays here last year.”
A. have you been; spended B. have you been; spent
C. had you been; spent D. were you; spent
9. We ________ our housework by tomorrow evening.
A. will finish B. will have finished
C. will be finishing D. are going to finish
10. "Your face is dirty, Tom.” - "All right, I ________ it.”
A. am washing B. am going to wash C. will wash D. will have washed
11. Coming into the room, he ________ Mary where he ________ her.
A. see; left B. saw; had left C. had seen; left D. saw; was leaving
12. I ________ from him since he ________ two years ago.
A. hadn't heard; disappeared B. haven't heard; disappeared
C. didn't hear; has disappeared D. will not hear; disappears
13. After the guests ________ she ________ back into the living-room and ________ off the light.
A. left; went; turned B. had left; had gone; turned
C. have leftt; will got; turned D. had left; went; turned
14. By the time you finish cooking they ________ their homework.
A. will have finished B. will finish C. had finished D. have finished
15. "You have just missed the last train.” □ "Never mind. I ________”
A. will be walking B. am going to walk C. will walk D. am walking





Quy tắc chung:
Chủ ngữ là danh từ số ít hoặc danh từ không đếm được đi cùng động từ số ít và chủ ngữ số nhiều đi cùng động từ số nhiều.
Tuy nhiên, đôi khi chủ ngữ còn hoà hợp với động từ tuỳ theo ý tưởng diễn đạt hoặc danh từ/đại từ đứng trước theo các quy tắc nhất định. Sau đây là một số quy tắc cơ bản về sự hoà hợp giữa chủ ngữ và động từ:











V (số ít)















Chủ ngữ là danh từ và cụm danh từ số ít.

Chủ ngữ là các đại lượng chỉ thời gian, khoảng cách, tiền bạc, hay sự đo lường.

Chủ ngữ là các đại từ bất định: someone, anything, nothing, eve-eryone,
another…

Chủ ngữ là mệnh đề danh từ Ex: All I want to do now is to sleep.

Chủ ngữ bắt đầu bằng “to infinitive” hoặc “V-ing”.

Chủ ngữ bắt đầu bằng cụm từ “Many a”.

Chủ ngữ bắt đầu là một phân số có tử số là 1. Ex: 1/2 is larger than 1/3.

Chủ ngữ là một số danh từ đặc biệt có hình thức số nhiều: môn học (Physics,
Maths), môn thể thao (billards, athletics…), tin tức (news), các loại bệnh
(rabies, measles…) , tên 1 số quốc gia và tổ chức (UN, the United States,
the Philipines…), loài động vật (ants, elephants…)

Chủ ngữ bắt đầu bằng: Most of/All of/Plenty of/ + N (không đếm được/số ít).

Chủ ngữ bắt đầu bằng “The number of + N (số nhiều)”.

Chủ ngữ bắt đầu bằng “None of + N (số nhiều)/ No + N (số ít)”.

Chủ ngữ bắt đầu bằng N1 (số ít) of N2.

Chủ ngữ là cụm danh từ chỉ nhóm động vật (số ít) mang nghĩa “bầy, đàn”:
flock of birds/sheep, school of fish, pride of lion, pack of dogs, herd of cattle…

A large amount/A great deal + N (không đếm được/ số ít).

Neither (of)/Either of + N (số nhiều)
Ex:
- Neither restaurants is expensive.
- Either of them works in this company.

Chủ ngữ là một tựa đề.
Ex: “Chi pheo” is a famous work of Nam Cao.

Chủ ngữ bắt đầu bằng “A pair of + N (số nhiều)”.
Ex: A pair of pants is in the drawer.







V (số nhiều)

Chủ ngữ là danh từ và cụm danh từ số nhiều.
Ex: Oranges are rich in vitamin C

Một số danh từ kết thúc bằng “s” nhưng dùng số nhiều: people, police,
cattle, children, geese, mice…
Ex: People are searching for something to eat.

Hai chủ ngữ nối nhau bằng “and” và có quan hệ đẳng lập
Ex: Jane and Mary are my best friends.
Tuy nhiên, nếu 2 danh từ cùng chỉ một người, một bộ phận hoặc 1 món ăn…
thì động từ chia ở số ít. (Lưu ý: không có “the” ở trước danh từ sau “and”.)
Ex: Bread and butter is their daily food.

Cấu trúc “both N1 and N2”
Ex: Both Betty and Joan are cooking for their dinner party.

Chủ ngữ là 1 đại từ: several, both, many, few, all, some + N (số nhiều).
Ex: Several students are absent.

Chủ ngữ là “The + adj”, chỉ một tập hợp người
Ex: The poor living here need help.

Chủ ngữ bắt đầu là một phân số có tử số từ 2 trở lên.
Ex: 2/5 are smaller than 1/2.

Các danh từ luôn dùng dạng số nhiều (thường đi theo cặp): trouser, eyeglasses, jeans, tweezers, shorts, pliers, pants, tongs…
Ex: The pants are in the drawer.

Chủ ngữ bắt đầu bằng: Most of/All of/ Plenty of/Some of/Majority of/
The last of/ One of/Half of/Part of/The rest of/Percentage of/A lot of/Lots of/A third of/Minority of + N (số nhiều).
Ex: Most of people in the factory are male.

Chủ ngữ bắt đầu bằng “A number of + N (số nhiều).
Ex: A number of students going to class decrease.

Chủ ngữ bắt đầu bằng “No + N (số nhiều).
Ex: No people understand what he says.

Chủ ngữ bắt đầu bằng “N1 (số nhiều) of N2”.
Ex: The studies of how living things work are called philosophy.

Chủ ngữ là cụm danh từ chỉ nhóm động vật (số nhiều) mang nghĩa “bầy, đàn”:
flocks of birds/sheep; schools of fish; prides of lion; packs of dogs; herds of cattle…
Ex: Flocks of birds are flying to its destination.
V chia theo chủ ngữ đầu tiên
Chủ ngữ được nối với nhau bởi các liên từ: “as long as, as well as, with,
together with, along with, in addition to, accompanied by”.
Ex:
- She, along with her classmates, is going to university this year.
- Mrs. Smith together with her sons is going abroad.
V chia theo các danh từ thứ 2
Either …or…
Neither … nor…
Not only … but also…
… or…
… nor…
Not… but…






Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the following questions.
1. One of ________________________ a goldfish bowl on her kitchen table.
a. my friend keep c. my friend keeps
b. my friends keep d. my friends keeps
2. Every ____________________ love.
a. man, woman and child needs c. man, woman and child need
b. men, women and children needs d. men, women and children need
3. One of the girls who ____________________ in this office ____________________ my niece
a. works / is b. works / are c. work / is d. work / are
4. Neither Lan nor her parents ____________________ the film.
a. like b. likes c. is like d. are like
5. Each ____________________ the same as the day before.
a. days was b. day was c. days were d. day were
6. More men than ____________________ left handed.
a. woman are b. woman is c. women are d. women is
7. Every one of the students ____________________ on time for class
a. is b. are c. were d. have been
8. There ____________________ some money on the table.
a. are b. were c. have been d. is
9. This information about taxes ____________________ helpful
a. were b. have been c. is d. are
10. The vegetables in the bowl on the table ____________________ fresh.
a. looks b. smells c. are d. is
Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the underlined part that needs correction in each of the following questions.
1. A basic knowledge of social studies, such as history and geography, are considered
A B C
basic part of the education of every child.
D
2. Lan together with her boyfriends are working in groups to find out
A B C D
the solution to that problem.
3. Each of the members of the group were made to write a report every week.
A B C D
4. 1.6 billion gallons were sold every year, in over one hundred and sixty countries.
A B C D
5. Buying clothes is often a time-consuming practice because those clothes that a
A B

person likes is seldom the ones that fit him or her.
C D
6. Most bacteria has strong cell walls much like those of the plants.
A B C D
7. Measles have not yet been eradicated because of the controversy concerning
A B C D
immunization.
8. Whether life in the countryside is better than that in the city depend on each
A B C
individual's point of view.
D
9. Never before has so many people in the United States been interested in soccer.
A B C D
10. She is among the few who wants to quit smoking instead of cutting down.
A B C D
11. Each of the nurses report to the operating room when his or her name is called.
A B C D
12. As a result of the Women's Movement, women now holds positions
A B
that were once restricted to men.
C D
13. One of the students who are being considered for the scholarship
A B C
are from this university.
D
14. Mrs. Steven, along with her cousins from New Mexico, are planning to attend the
A B C D
festivities
15. The mining of minerals often bring about the destruction of landscapes and wildlife
A B C D
habitats.
16. The governor, with his wife and children, are at home watching the election
A B C
returns on TV.
D
17. Neither Russia nor the United States have been able to discover a mutually
A B C
satisfactory plan for gradual disarmament.
D
18. The office furniture that was ordered last month have just arrived, but we're not sure
A B
whether the manager likes it.
C D
19. What happened in that city were a reaction from city workers, including firemen and
A B C
policemen who had been laid off from their jobs.
D
20. That these students have improved their grades because of their participation in the
A B C D
test review class.
21. There are a car and two vans in front of my house.
A B C D
22. Fifty minutes are the maximum length of time allotted for the exam.
A B C D
23. The world is becoming more industrialized and the number of animal species that
A B
have become extinct have increased.
C D
24. The number of homeless people in Nepal have increased sharply due to the recent
A B C
severe earthquake.
D
25. Upon reaching the destination, a number of personnel is expected to change their
A B C
reservations and proceed to Hawaii.
D
26. The assumption that smoking has bad effects on our health have been proved.
A B C D
27. Neither the Minister nor his colleagues has given an explanation for the chaos in
A B C
the financial market last week.
D
28. On the floor of the Pacific Ocean is hundreds of flat-tipped mountains more than
A B C