TO INFINITIVE (TO V) AND GERUND- (ĐỘNG TỪ NGUYÊN THỂ VÀ DANH ĐỘNG TỪ)

I.TO INFINITIVE - (ĐỘNG TỪ NGUYÊN THỂ):
1. It's adj + (of Sb)+ To V-inf… ai đó thật như thế nào khi làm việc gì 

-Các tính từ sau dùng với cấu trúc này: kind, good, stupid, clever, careless, sensible, brave, timid, coward, 
wise, rude, polite, generous, mean, thoughtful, tactful, selfish… 
Ex: It's kind of you To help me 
2. S+ be + Adj + To V-inf ….
-Các tính từ sau đây dùng với cấu trúc này: happy, sad, glad, nice, pleased, disappointed, difficult, easy, 
eager, ready, surprised, sorry, hesitant, amazed, able, willing, reluctant, sure/bound/certain,….
Ex: I am very glad To see you again. 
3. Động từ nguyên thể có “To” đứng ngay sau các V-động từ như:
Agree(đồng ý),Ask,Hope
Decide(quyết định),  Demand
Mange(quản lý), offer(đề
(yêu cầu), Expect(mong đợi),
nghị),  Promise(hứa),
Afford(có khả năng tài chính), 
Fail(thất bại), Hope(hi
Plan(lập kế hoạch), Refuse(từ
Appear (Xuất hiện),
vọng),  Hesitate(ngại, phiền),
chối), Threaten(đe dọa), 
Attempt (nỗ lực),  Arrange(sắp
Intend(dự định), Happen
Tend(xu thế), Wish(ước),
xếp), Cause(gây ra), 
Advise/Allow/Permit Sb To V
Want (muốn).Seem  
Choose (lựa chọn), Stop
Ex: I can't afford to go abroad study.
He agreed to work for us.
She refused to answer personal questions. 
4. Infinitives with "To" (Động từ nguyên mẫu có “To”) được dùng để:
-Làm chủ ngữ trong câu:

To become a teacher is her dream.

-Làm tân ngữ của động từ :

It's raining, so she decides To bring an umbrella.

-Làm tân ngữ của tính từ:

I'm glad To see you here. (Tôi rất vui khi thấy bạn ở đây.)

-Chỉ mục đích:

Is there anything To Eat? (Có gì để ăn ko?)

-Dùng sau các từ để hỏi "wh-": who, what, when, how... không dùng sau "why" I don't know what to do.
-Đứng sau các từ 'the first': "the second': "the last, "the only".
Nam is the first person in my class To receive the scholarship.
-Đứng trước các cấu trúc:

a. It takes/took + O + thời gian + to + V-inf (Ai đó mất bao lâu để....)

It took me 2 weeks to find a suitable job. (Tôi mất 2 tuần để tìm một công việc phù hợp.)
b. S + be + adj + to V-inf
It's interesting to play volleyball together. (Thật thú vị khi chơi bóng chuyền cùng nhau.)
c. S + V + too +adj/adv + to + Vela (quá...để...)
It's too late to say goodbye. (Đã quá trễ để nói lời tạm biệt.)
d. S + V + adj/ adv + enough + to + V-inf (đủ ....để...)
He speaks English well enough to communicate with foreigners.
e. I + think/ thought/ believe/ find + it +---+ adj+ to + V-inf (tôi nghĩ...để...)
I find It difficult to learn to play the piano. (Tôi thấy khó học chơi piano.)

-Dùng sau một số động từ. Ta có thể thêm "Not" trước cụm "To +V-inf" để chỉ nghĩa phủ định: afford,
agree, appear, arrange, attempt, begin, care, choose, consent, determine, happen, hesitate, hope, intend,
pretend, propose, promise, refuse, love, offer, start, swear, ...
All citizens agree to build a water park at the center of the city.
(Tất cả công dân đồng ý xây dựng một công viên nước ở trung tâm thành phố.)
-Dùng sau một số động từ có tân ngữ đi kèm: ask, advise, allow, bear, cause, encourage, expect, forbid, force,
get, hate, compel, intend, order, permit, like, invite, request, tell, trouble, want, prefer, warn, wish, teach...

S + V + 0-Somebody + to + V-inf.

The doctor advises me to eat more vegetables.

-Dùng sau một số tính từ chỉ cảm xúc con người: able, unable, delighted, proud, ashamed, afraid, glad,
anxious, surprised, pleased, easy, amused, annoyed, happy, ready...
Tam is able to speak Spanish fluently.

(Tâm có thể nói tiếng Tây Ban Nha trôi chảy.)

II. GERUND: (DANH ĐỘNG TỪ- VING).
1.Những động từ dùng với V-ing:  Admit(nhận), Stop( dừng )Finish(hoàn thành), Begin/Start(bắt

đầu) ,Anticipate (đoán trước), Appreciate (đánh giá),  Avoid( tránh), Consider(xem xét),  Continue(tiếp
tục), Postpone/ Delay(hoãn),  Deny(chối), Practise(thực hành), Discuss(thảo luận), Hate,Dislike,Detest(ghét),
Enjoy,like ,love (thích) , Keep (giữ,tiếp tục),Forbit Mind(phiền), Miss(lỡ) , Quit, Resist(kháng lại),
Risk(liều), Suggest(đề nghị), Mention (đề cập), Be Busy,Prefer…To ( thích… hơn…) Allow/Permit (cho
phép), Advise,Recommemd.Resent, Propose, Insist,Need ,Want ,Require…
Ex: I couldn't avoid meeting him.
- Have you finished talking?
- She enjoys playing tennis .
2.V-ing đứng sau Giới từ hoặc Liên từ :At, on, in, before, after, with, up, without, by, in,

addition to…..

Ex: We can improve our English by practicing much.
 
He came in without saying hello to anybody. 
 
On getting home, he sat down to write a letter .
In addition to going to university she also takes a part- time job .
 
Before going to bed, I clean my teeth .
3.V-ing đứng sau một số cụm cố định: 
+ Can't Help = Can't Bear = Can't Stand: không thể chịu được
+ It's (not) Worth : Đáng (không đáng làm gì) 
+ It's No Use = It's No Good= There be no Point in Ving: làm gì đó là vô ích 
+ S + Have/Has difficulty/trouble + In + Ving: gặp khó khăn, rắc rối 
+ Have (any) problem In + Ving 
+ Have a good time + Ving 
+ Have a hard/difficult time + Ving 
NOTE: Một số V theo sau có thể “V-ing” hoặc “To V” Nhưng có sự khác nhau về ý nghĩa: 
+Stop + To V: dừng lại để làm gì
Ex: He stops to eat 
+Stop + Ving: dừng lại không làm nữa.
Ex: He stops smoking 
+Remember + To V: nhớ phải làm gì (Hiện tại, Tương Lai)
+Remmember+Ving: nhớ đã làm gì Nhớ việc làm gì (Quá Khứ) 
Ex: Remember to post my letter .
I remember locking the door before going out.
+Forget + To V: quên phải làm gì (Hiện tại, Tương Lai)
+Forget + Ving: quên đã làm gì, sẽ không bao giờ quên là. 
Ex: Don't forget to buy shoes for me I'll never forget meeting him.
+Regret + To V: lấy làm tiếc (dùng để thông báo) 

+Regret + Ving : hối tiếc, ân hận vì đã làm (QUÁ KHỨ)
Ex: I regret to inform you that your application isn't acceptable. 
 
I regret buying a lot of shares .
+Try + To V: cố gắng làm gì
Ex: I try to get better marks. 
 +Try + Ving: thử làm gì
Ex: I try solving this difficult sum. 
+Mean + To V: có ý định làm gì = Intend 
 +Mean + Ving: đưa đến hậu quả gì = Result In 
Ex: I don't mean to buy that house. His new job means earning a lot of money
+Need + To V: cần làm gì (mang tính chủ động chỉ người) 
 +Need + Ving= Need to be Done(V3/Ved): cần được làm gì (mang tính bị động chỉ vật) 
Ex: I need to sell some good. My trousers need ironing . 
+Used To+V :Từng làm gì đó trong quá khứ bây giờ không làm nữa.
Ex:I used to get up early when I was young. (Tôi thường dậy sớm khi còn trẻ.)
+Be /Get Used To + Ving: Quen với việc làm gì. (I'm used to getting up early.)
+S + Be Used To +V-inf :(được dùng để làm gì) = S + be+Used for Ving
Ex: Money is used to buy and sell goods = Money is used for buying and selling goods.

NOTE: Advise/Allow/Permit/Forbid/Encourage/Recommend
Ex:They allow me to buy a new car . I don't allow smoking in the room .

+ (O)/SB + To V
Ving

III.VERB WITHOUT “TO” - INFINITIVE :

Động từ không “To”--Động từ nguyên thể:

1. Sau các động từ khuyết thiếu:
Can, Could, May, Might, Should, Had better …+V-inf
2. Help/ Make/ Have(nhờ ai làm) + (O)-Sb + V-inf

NOTE:

S + see/hear/watch/feel/notice/observe/smell + O + V-inf (nhìn thấy toàn bộ sự việc)
S +see/hear/watch/feel/notice/observe/smell + O+ V-ing (thấy sự việc đang diễn ra). 
I.Choose the best answer: 

PRACTICE EXERCISE: 

1. Every day I spend two hours ___________ English. 
A. practise
B to practise
C. practising
D.
practised
2. The skiers would rather __________ through the mountains than go by
bus.
A.to travel by train
B. travel by train C. traveled by train D.
traveling by train
3.He likes _________ part in sports, so he joins the football team of the
school.
A. to take
B. to taking
C. takes
D. took
4. I don't remember___________ the front door when I left home.  
A. to lock
B. lock
C. locked
D. locking
5.Children enjoy ___________ to ghost stories on Halloween night. 
A. telling and listening
B. tell and listen
C. to tell and listen
D.
to tell and to listen
6. They decided ___________ to Japan for their summer holiday. 
A. going
B. to go
C. go
D.
to going 
7.His parents think it's time for him___________ married. 

A. gets

B. get
C. to get
D. got
8.Peter's father ordered __________ not to stay out late again. 
A. him
B. to him
C. that he
D. for him
9.Smoking is bad for your heath. You had better_________ it up.
A. to give
B. give
C. giving
D.
to be giving
10.I hope you don't mind __________ so late at night.
A. telephoning
B. to telephone
C. telephone
D.to have telephoned
11.It took three and a half hours _________ to Singapore. 
A. to fly
B. flying
C. to be flown
D. fly 
12.She refused ___________ them. 
A. to help
B. help
C. having helped
D. helping 
13.My parents can't _________ seeing me at home all day. 
A. stop
B. stand
C. start
D. hate  
14.___________is a popular sport in Europe. 
A. To ski
B. Skiing
C. Ski
D. To skiing 
15.There are many ways of _______ ourselves in a big city. 
A. enjoy
B. enjoying
C. enjoyment
D. to enjoy 
16.I never feel like _______ early on Monday morning. 
A. getting up
B. get up
C. gets up
D. to get up 
17. It is not easy ________ a high-paid job. 
A. find
B. finding
C. finds
D. to find 
18.Would you like the doctor _________ ? 
= Do you want
A. coming
B. to come
C. come
D. comes 
19. There is no need ______ the door of the meeting room tonight. 
A. to lock
B. to be locking
C.to be locked
D. locked 
20. My husband wants me _______ this letter before afternoon. 
A. to post
B. posting
C. post
D. posts 
21.I hate _______ the dirty dishes after a meal. 
A. wash
B. to washing
C. to wash
D. to be washing
22. She doesn't like going _______ in the sea in summer. 
A. to swim
B. to be swimming
C. swimming
D. swim 
23. I am afraid of _______ by the strong wind. 
A. taking away
B. take away
C. being taken away
D.
being taking away
24. We need to stop ______ at what damage we have done to the nature and try ______it
before it's too late.
A. looking/ to fix
B. to look/ to fix
C. to look/ fixing D. looking/
fixing
25. Human beings must stop ______the environment. 
A. to pollute
B. polluted
C. to polluted
D. polluting 
26.We walked for ten kilometers and then we stopped _______ a rest. 
A. to have
B. have
C. having
D. has 
27. It is raining hard. We had better _______ at home tonight. 
A. staying
B to stay
C. stay
D.to be staying
28. Before starting __________ for this company, I spent a year _______ . 
A. work/travel
B.work/traveling
C. working/travel
D.working/traveling
29. I _______ play with dolls when I was small. 
A. enjoyed
B. hated
C. started
D. used to 
30. It _______ him two hours to finish the exercise. 
A. take
B. took
C. to take
D. taking 
31. I had no difficulty in______ to her English. 

A. listen
B. to listen
C. to listening
D. listening 
32. We are ______ buying a new motorbike. 
A. considering
B. deciding
C. expecting
D. thinking 
33. If the earth stops ______ around the sun, there will be no light on earth. 
A. move
B. to move
C. moved
D. moving 
34. If we don't do anything ___ the ice on the poles from melting, the earth will be
flooded one day.
A. for stop
B. to stopping
C. to stop
D. stop  
35. Unless we ______ throwing garbage into the river, it will be polluted. 
A. stop
B. don't stop
C. will stop
D. won't stop 
37. The pollution rate in this area seems ______ slowly. 
A. increase
B. increasing
C. to increase
D. to be increase
38. Your hair is too long now. It needs _________ . 
A. to cut
B. cutting
C. being cut
D. to be cutting
39. We all enjoy _________ English.
A. learn
B. to learn
C. learning
D. learned 
40. I expected them _______ me a job. 
A. offer
B. offering
C. to be offered
D. to offer 

II. Put the verb in the brackets in the correct form. 

1. He wanted (see) _____________________the house where the president was born.
2. He is expected (arrive) _____________________in a few days. 
3. I would like him (go) _____________________ to a university but I can't (make) him go.
4. I am looking forward to (see) _____________________ you. 
5. I arranged (meet) _____________________them there. 
6. He urged us (work) _____________________faster. 
7. I wish (see) _____________________the manager. 
8. It is no use (wait) _____________________him. 
9. He warned her (not touch) _____________________the wire. 
10. Don't forget (lock) _____________________the door before (go) _____________________to bed.
11. My mother told me (not speak) _____________________to anyone about it.
12. He tried (explain) _____________________but she refused (listen) _____________________.
13. At dinner she annoyed me by (smoke) _____________________between the courses.
14. He decided (disguise) __________________ himself by (dress) _______________as a women.
15. I am prepared (wait) _____________________here all night if necessary. 
16. Would you mind (show) _____________________me how (work) _____________________the lift.
17. After (walk) _____ three hours we stopped (rest) _____ and let the others (catch)  _____up with us. 
18. I am beginning (understand) _____________________what you mean. 
19. The boy likes (play) _____________________games but hates (do) ________________exercises.
20. I regret (inform) _____________________you that your application has been refused.
21. I don't allow (smoke) _____________________in my drawing-room. 
22. I don't allow my family (smoke) _____________________at all. 
23. He surprised us all by (go) _________________away without (say) ________________'Good-bye'.
24. Please go on (write) _____________________; I don't mind _____________________ (wait).
25. He wore glasses (avoid) (be) _____________________recognized. 
26. Before (give) _______________evidence you must swear (speak) ___________________the truth.
27. I tried (persuade) ____________________him (agree) _____________________with your proposal.
28. Your windows need (clean) ______________.Would you like me (do) ___________them for you.
29. Would you mind (shut) _______________the window? I hate (sit) _______________in a draught.
30. I can't help (sneeze) ____________; I caught a cold yesterday from (sit) _________in a draught.
31. Stop (talk) _____________________; I am trying (finish) _____________________a letter.
32. His doctor advised him (give) _____________________up (jog) _____________________.
33. My watch keeps (stop) _____________________. 
34. People used (make) _____________________fire by (rub) _________________two sticks together.
35. He hates (answer) the phone, and very often just lets it (ring). 

36. If you go on (let) ______your dog (chase) ________cars he will end by (be) _____________run over.
37. I prefer (drive) _____________________to (be) _____________________driven.
38. I advise you (start) _____________________ (look) _____________________for a flat at once.
39. Would you mind (lend) _____________me some money? I forgot (cash) __________ a cheque.
40. (Lie) _____________on the beach is much more pleasant than (sit) _____________in the office.
41. She like her children (go) _____________to the dentist every six months. 
42. An instructor is coming (show) _____________us how (use) _____________the machine.
43. I have no intention of (go) ____ to that film; I couldn't bear (see) ______ my favorite  actress in such
dreadful part. 
44. I suggest (telephone) ________the hospitals before (ask) _______the police (look) _______for him.
45. After (hear) _____________the conditions I decided (not enter) _____________for the competition.
46. Some people seem (have) _____________the passion for (write) _____________to the newspapers.
47. He expects me (answer) ___________by return but I have no intention of (reply) ___________at all.
48. He postponed (make) _____________a decision until it was too late (do) _____________anything.
49. Try (forget) _____________it; It isn't worth (worry) _____________about it.
50. There is no point in (remain) ____ in a dangerous place if you can't do anything (help) ___
the
people  who have (stay) ____
there.
51. After (walk) ___________for three hours we stop to let the other (catch up) ___________with us.
52. Imagine (have) ___________(get up) ___________ at 5 pm everyday.
53. The horse won't be well enough ( run) _________ in tomorrow's race.He doesn't seem (have
recover)__________
from his long journey.
54. At first I enjoyed (listen) ___________to him but after a while I got tired of (hear) ___________the same
story again and again.
55. I'd hate ( be) ___________beside a volcano when it started (erupt) ___________
56. It is usually easier (learn) ___________a subject by (read) ___________book than by( listen)
___________to the lecture .
57. It won't be safe (start) ___________down now.We'll have (wait) ___________till the mist clears.
58. I distinct remember ( pay) ___________him .I gave him $ 2.
59. He keep (ask) _________ me the time and I keep (tell) _________him (buy) ___________ himself a watch.
60. He has a theory that it is possible (tell) ___________the time in daylight by (look) _______into a cat's eyes.
61. I resented (be) ___________unjustly accused and asked him ( apologize) ___________.
62. I didn't feel like (work) ___________ so I suggested (spend) ___________ the day in the garden.
63. You'll never regret ( do) ___________a kind action.
64. The car began (make) ___________ an extraordinary noise so I stopped(see) ___________what it was.
65. He kept (ring) ___________up and (ask) ___________for an explanation and she didn't know what (do)
___________about him.
66. He made me (repeat)___________his instructions (make) ___________sure that I understood what I was
(do) ___________after he had gone.
67. I didn't mean (offend) ___________anyone but somehow I succeeded in (annoy) ___________them all.
68. You don't need (ask) ___________his permission every time you want (leave) ___________ the room.
69. It is much better (go) ___________to a hairdresser than (try) ___________(save) ___________time by (cut)
___________your own hair.
70. The police accused him of (set) __________fire to the building but he denied (have been) ___________in
the area on the night of the fire.
71. She claimed (be able) __________tell _________the future by(gaze) __________ into her crystal ball.
72. He never thinks of (get) ___________out of your way.He expects you (walk) ___________round him.
73. She told me (look) _________through her correspondence and (take) __________out any letters that you
had written her.I didn't like (look) _______through someone else's letters but I had (do) ______ as she said.
74. Patric is putting on weigh.He'll have to give up (eat) ___________snacks.
75. I can't stand people (ask) ___________ questions all the time.
76. Her brother is very keen on (swim) ___________.
77. His boss wants him (work) ___________harder.
78. Sandra promised (help) ___________Peter with his packing.
79. It is very long flight to New Zealand.It is not worth (go) ___________for less than a fortnight.
80. I am afraid I am very bat at (learn) ___________languages.
81. The driver only just advoided (hit) _________ the dog.
82. Demetrio is fed up with (be) __________ a stuudent.
83. She forgave her sisster for (deceive) __________ her.

84. Although we tried to stop him.He kept on (talk) __________.
85. Would you like (play) __________ tennis with me?
86. It was a difficult exam,but Jenifer managed (pass) __________ it.
87. The snow prevented the train from (arrive) __________on time.
88. Since coming here.I'v got used to (go) __________to bed early.
89. The old lady accused the boy of (steal) __________ her handbag.
90. Janne is looking forward to (spend) __________ three weeks in Califonia.
91. I don't mind (get) __________ up early if I have to.
92. It is no use ( tell) __________him.He isn't interested.
93. Last summer we decided (travel) __________ overland through India.
94. Don't forget (invite) __________him for coffee when you see him.
95. First he repaired the radio then he went on (repair) __________ the television.
96. Their house really needs (paint) __________ …Liz needs (get) __________ a job.She is short of money.
97. Her aunt remmember (see) __________the first car in her village.
98. Ken always likes (go) __________ on holiday to hot countries.
99. They stopped the car (have) __________ a chat with their friends.
100. Go on (explain) __________.It is very interesting.
101. Why don't you try (hold) __________ your breath,or (drink) __________ a glas of water?
102. Will he remmember ( pay) __________ the bill? I told him he should do it today.
103. Collect__________ old bottles is a strange hobby.
104. He stopped (drive) __________ because he was sleepy.
105. He'll soon forget (be) __________involved in the accident.
106. Shall we go ( run) __________ tommorow evening?
107. They tried (find) __________ their way,but they were lost.