SỞ GD & ĐT NAM ĐỊNH
TRƯỜNG _________
ĐỀ THI THAM KHẢO
(Đề thi có 06 trang)

KỲ THI TỐT NGHIỆP TRUNG HỌC PHỔ THÔNG NĂM 2025
Bài thi: NGOẠI NGỮ; Môn thi: TIẾNG ANH
Thời gian làm bài:50 phút; không kể thời gian phát đề

Họ, tên thí sinh: ....................................................................................
Số báo danh: .........................................................................................

Mã đề thi: 101

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the word whose underlined part differs
from the other three in pronunciation in each of the following questions.
Question 1. A. find
B. hide
C. fine
D. sit
Question 2. A. laughed
B. photographed
C. coughed
D. weighed
Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the word that differs from the other three
in the position of primary stress.
Question 3. A. prefer
B. visit
C. finish
D. study
Question 4. A. etiquette
B. intellectual
C. scientific
D. engineer
Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the following
questions.
Question 5. She will have finished the preparations for the meeting_______.
A. by the time her boss arrives
B. as soon as her boss had arrived
C. when her boss arrived
D. after her boss had arrived
Question 6. There was a lot of traffic but we managed________ to the airport in time.
A. not to get
B. got
C. to get
D. getting
Question 7. A lot of young people don't know how the Internet________.
A. was invented
B. invents
C. has invented
D. invented
Question 8. I hope this headache will________ soon.
A. go out
B. come away
C. wear off
D. pass away
Question 9. We had soup and sandwiches for_______ lunch.
A. a
B. an
C. X (no article)
D. the
Read the following advertisement/ announcement and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet
to indicate the correct option that best fits each of the numbered blanks from 10 to 15.
🌐 EXPLORE INNOVATION AT IPITEX 2024!
Are you over 18? Join the Global Celebration of Ingenuity on Thailand Inventors' Day
On behalf of the National Research Council of Thailand (NRCT), It is a great pleasure to invite your
organization and your network agencies to submit the invention and innovation (10) ________ IPITEx
2024.
When you participate, you can :
 Connect with a diverse network of innovators.
 Showcase your inventions on an international stage.
 Foster (11) ___________collaboration between Thai and international inventors/organizations.
 Contribute to the advancement of research, invention, and innovation.
Mark your calendar for February 2 - 6, and be part of the (12) ________ ! We eagerly anticipate your
participation and contribution to the IPITEx 2024.
🚀 Join us in shaping the future! #IPITEx2024 #InnovationUnleashed
#ThailandInventorsDay
(Adapted from https://www.ifia.com/ipitex-2024/ )
Question 10:
A. in
B. on
C. at
D. for
Question 11:
A. a                 
Question 12:

B. an                        

C. the        

D.

 

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A. excitement
B. exciting
C. excited
D. excitation 
ANNOUNCEMENT OF SCHOOL INVENTION WORKSHOP.
The School LEMESON-MIT would like to announce:
 All students from High school and Community college (13) _________ to be present and showcase
their inventions on June 12-14,2024.
 You'll hear from expert speakers, educators, and colleagues about activities and techniques that help
diverse student populations develop confidence in their ability to (14) _________ in STEM.
 You will participate in small group workshops to develop skills tailored to your interests. Meet and
work with thought leaders in education as well as our Invention Education Fellows educators who
have extensive experience incorporating invention education into the classroom.
Click here to meet the Fellows (15) _________ you're interested in this Workshop.
(Adapted from https://lemelson.mit.edu )
Question 13:
A. are encouraged
B. be encouraged
C. encouraged
D. encourage
Question 14:
A. take
B. engage
C. improve
D. update
Question 15:
A. should
B. and
C. were
D. if
Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct arrangement of the sentences
to make a meaningful paragraph/ letter in each of the following questions.
Question 16:
a. Firstly, the process of invention often involves identifying a problem or need in society.
b. This is followed by brainstorming ideas and conducting research to find possible solutions.
c. Once a viable solution is conceptualized, inventors move on to prototyping and testing their invention.
d. Invention is a crucial driver of progress and innovation in society.
e. Finally, after refining the invention based on feedback and testing results, it can be brought to market or
implemented for practical use.
A. d - a - b - c – e
B. a - b - c - d – e
C. b - c - a - d – e
D. d - b - a - c - e
Question 17:
a. However, it has lots of storage, it's very cheap.
b. Hi, Anna, Guess what! I want to get a smartphone for playing games.
c. I can't wait to show it to you!
d. At first, The Royal 1000 looks great, but the camera isn't as good as some other phones.
e. Mike knows a lot about phones and computers, and he helped me choose my birthday smartphone.
f. See you soon!
A. b - c - a - e - d - f
B. b - d - e - a - c - f
C. b - a - d - e - c - f
D. b - e - d - a - c Mark the letter A, B, C, D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct option that best fits each of the
numbered blanks from 18 to 23.
Young people are turning to ChatGPT for dating advice.
ChatGPT has provided troves of information (18) _________ of people
around the world - but how does it go with matters of the heart?
In 2023, specialised artificial intelligence dating advice app Meeno (19)
____________ aged 18-34 and found that more than 86 per cent had turned
to ChatGPT or Google for dating and relationship advice, with 25 per cent
(20) ____________ ChatGPT as their source of advice.
Men were almost three times more likely to use the AI than women, with 15 per cent of female
participants using ChatGPT, compared to 41 per cent of men, the study also found.
"We found that less than half of young people, (21) __________ about interpersonal issues with even
their best friend, with only 1 in 10 people feeling comfortable opening up to their wider friendship group,"
Renate Nyborg, founder and CEO of Meeno, told 9news.com.au.
Professor of computer science and leader of the University of Sydney's Human Centred Technology
Research Cluster, Judy Kay, said people can learn to use tools like ChatGPT (22) __________ them think
Trang 2/6 - Mã đề 101

through ideas about relationships and dating, but noted that these tools do not understand the complexities
of the human experience.
"Tools like ChatGPT answer your questions based on large language models built (23) __________,"
Kay said.
(Adapted from https://www.9news.com.au/ )
Question 18. A. to millions
B. to million
C. to be millions
D. to have million
Question 19. A. surveyed over 500 Australians
B. to survey over 500 Australians
C. survey over 500 Australians
D. have survey over 500 Australians
Question 20. A. specifically naming
B. have specifically name
C. had specifically naming
D. has specifically naming
Question 21.
A. where feel 'very comfortable' being vulnerable
B. whose feel 'very comfortable' being vulnerable
C. whom feel 'very comfortable' being vulnerable
D. who feel 'very comfortable' being vulnerable
Question 22. A. helping
B. to help
C. to helped
D. to helping
Question 23.
A. on analysing huge collections of documents
B. at analysing huge collections of documents
C. by analysing huge collections of documents
D. in analysing huge collections of documents
Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct
word or phrase that best fits each of the numbered blanks from 24 to 28.
ChatGPT: A comprehensive review on background,
applications, key challenges, bias, ethics, limitations and future scope
In recent years, artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (24) ___________ the landscape of
scientific research. Out of (25) _________, the chatbot technology has experienced tremendous
advancements in recent years, especially with ChatGPT emerging as a notable AI language model. This
comprehensive review delves into the background, applications, key challenges, and future directions of
ChatGPT. We begin by exploring its origins, development, and underlying technology, before examining its
wide-ranging applications across industries such as customer service, healthcare, and education. We also
highlight the critical challenges that ChatGPT faces, including ethical concerns, data biases, and safety
issues, while discussing potential mitigation strategies. Finally, we envision the future of ChatGPT by
exploring areas of further research and development, focusing on its integration with other technologies,
improved human-AI interaction, and addressing the digital divide. This review offers valuable insights for
researchers, developers, and stakeholders interested in the ever-evolving landscape of AI-driven
conversational agents. This study (26) _________ the various ways ChatGPT has been revolutionizing
scientific research, spanning from data processing and hypothesis generation to collaboration and public
outreach. Furthermore, the paper examines the potential challenges and ethical concerns surrounding the use
of ChatGPT in research, while highlighting the importance of striking a balance between AI-assisted
innovation and human expertise. (27) _________ paper presents several ethical issues in existing computing
domain and how ChatGPT can invoke challenges to such notion. This work also includes some biases and
limitations of ChatGPT. It is worth to note that despite of several controversies and ethical concerns,
ChatGPT (28) _________ remarkable attentions from academia, research, and industries in a very short
span of time.
(Adapted from https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S266734522300024X )
Question 24.
A. have been transforming B. has been transforming
C. transforming
D. transform
Question 25.
A. where
B. who
C. which
D. how
Question 26.
A. exploring
B. explored
C. explores
D. to explore
Question 27.
A. A
B. An
C. The
D. no article
Question 28.
A. have attracted
B. has attarcted
C. had attracted
D. to have attracted
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Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct
answer to each of the following questions from 29 to 33.
The Persistence and Peril of Misinformation
Misinformation—both deliberately promoted and accidentally shared—is
perhaps an inevitable part of the world in which we live, but it is not a new
problem. People likely have lied to one another for roughly as long as verbal
communication has existed. Deceiving others can offer an apparent opportunity to
gain strategic advantage, to motivate others to action, or even to protect
interpersonal bonds. Moreover, people inadvertently have been sharing inaccurate
information with one another for thousands of years.
However, we currently live in an era in which technology enables information to reach large audiences
distributed across the globe, and thus the potential for immediate and widespread effects from
misinformation now looms larger than in the past. Yet the means to correct misinformation over time might
be found in those same patterns of mass communication and of the facilitated spread of information.
Misinformation is concerning because of its potential to unduly influence attitudes and behavior, leading
people to think and act differently than they would if they were correctly informed, as suggested by the
research teams of Stephan Lewandowsky of the University of Bristol in the United Kingdom and Elizabeth
Marsh of Duke University, among others. In other words, we worry that misinformation (or false
information) might lead people to hold misperceptions (or false beliefs) and that these misperceptions,
especially when they occur among large groups of people, may have downstream consequences for health,
social harmony, and political life.
(Adapted from https://www.americanscientist.org/article/the-persistence-and-peril-of-misinformation
Written by Brian G. Southwell, Emily A. Thorson, Laura Sheble)
Question 29. Which of the following can be the best title for the passage?
A. The Impact of Technology on Misinformation
B. The Evolution of Verbal Communication
C. The Historical Context of Misinformation
D. The Persistence and Peril of Misinformation
Question 30. The word “inevitable” in paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to _________.
A. avoidable
B. unavoidable
C. unusual
D. rare
Question 31. What is a major concern about misinformation mentioned in the passage?
A. It is always shared intentionally.
B. It can lead to changes in attitudes and behavior
C. It has no impact on social harmony.
D. It is easily corrected by mass communication.
Question 32. The phrase “downstream consequences” in paragraph 3 most nearly means _________.
A. immediate benefits
B. future impacts
C. unrelated results
D. short-term effects
Question 33. Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a factor contributing to the spread of
misinformation?
A. The long history of inaccurate information sharing
B. The role of technology in reaching global audiences
C. The deliberate intention behind misinformation
D. The potential for misinformation to influence political life
Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct
answer to each of the questions from 34 to 40.
Video gaming may be associated with better cognitive performance in children
A study of nearly 2,000 children found that those who reported
playing video games for three hours per day or more performed
better on cognitive skills tests involving impulse control and
working memory compared to children who had never played video
games. Published today in JAMA Network Open, this study
analyzed data from the ongoing Adolescent Brain Cognitive
Development (ABCD) Study(link is external), which is supported
by the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) and other entities
of the National Institutes of Health.
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“This study adds to our growing understanding of the associations between playing video games and
brain development,” said NIDA Director Nora Volkow, M.D. “Numerous studies have linked video gaming
to behavior and mental health problems. This study suggests that there may also be cognitive benefits
associated with this popular pastime, which are worthy of further investigation.”
Although a number of studies have investigated the relationship between video gaming and cognitive
behavior, the neurobiological mechanisms underlying the associations are not well understood. Only a
handful of neuroimaging studies have addressed this topic, and the sample sizes for those studies have been
small, with fewer than 80 participants.
To address this research gap, scientists at the University of Vermont, Burlington, analyzed data obtained
when children entered the ABCD Study at ages 9 and 10 years old. The research team examined survey,
cognitive, and brain imaging data from nearly 2,000 participants from within the bigger study cohort. They
separated these children into two groups, those who reported playing no video games at all and those who
reported playing video games for three hours per day or more. This threshold was selected as it exceeds the
American Academy of Pediatrics screen time guidelines(link is external), which recommend that
videogaming time be limited to one to two hours per day for older children. For each group, the
investigators evaluated the children's performance on two tasks that reflected their ability to control
impulsive behavior and to memorize information, as well as the children's brain activity while performing
the tasks.
The researchers found that the children who reported playing video games for three or more hours per
day were faster and more accurate on both cognitive tasks than those who never played. They also observed
that the differences in cognitive function observed between the two groups was accompanied by differences
in brain activity. Functional MRI brain imaging analyses found that children who played video games for
three or more hours per day showed higher brain activity in regions of the brain associated with attention
and memory than did those who never played. At the same time, those children who played at least three
hours of videogames per day showed more brain activity in frontal brain regions that are associated with
more cognitively demanding tasks and less brain activity in brain regions related to vision.
(Adapted from U.S. Department of Health & Human Services)
Question 34. Which best serves as the title for the passage?
A. The Cognitive Benefits of Video Gaming
B. Understanding Video Game Addiction
C. The Impact of Video Games on Child Development D. Video Games: Are They Good for Kids?
Question 35. According to the study, what cognitive skills improved for children who played video games
for three hours or more per day?
A. Creativity and Problem-Solving
B. Impulse Control and Working Memory
C. Social Skills and Emotional Intelligence
D. Visual and Spatial Reasoning
Question 36. The word threshold in paragraph 4 is closest in meaning to:
A. Limit
B. Standard
C. Increase
D. Average
Question 37. The word "they" in the last paragraph refers to:
A. The cognitive tasks
B. The differences in cognitive function
C. The children who played video games for three or more hours per day
D. The brain regions associated with vision
Question 38. Which of the following statements is TRUE, according to the passage?
A. The study found that video games have no impact on cognitive skills.
B. The sample size for previous neuroimaging studies was larger than in the current study.
C. Children who played video games for three or more hours showed different brain activity patterns than
those who never played.
D. The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends unlimited video game play for children.
Question 39. What can be inferred about the neurobiological mechanisms behind video gaming and cognitive
skills?
A. They are well-understood and documented.
B. They are not fully understood and require more research.
C. They have been proven to have no effect on brain development.
D. They are primarily related to physical activity levels.
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Question 40. Based on the passage, which of the following conclusions is most accurate?
A. Video gaming is detrimental to all aspects of child development.
B. Playing video games for excessive amounts of time has no benefits.
C. Video gaming may offer cognitive benefits but requires balanced screen time.
D. The benefits of video gaming outweigh the recommendations of health guidelines.

------------------------ THE END ------------------------

Trang 6/6 - Mã đề 101

SỞ GD & ĐT NAM ĐỊNH
TRƯỜNG _________
ĐỀ THI THAM KHẢO
(Đề thi có 06 trang)

KỲ THI TỐT NGHIỆP TRUNG HỌC PHỔ THÔNG NĂM 2025
Môn: Tiếng Anh
Thời gian làm bài:50 phút; không kể thời gian phát đề

Họ, tên thí sinh: ....................................................................................
Số báo danh: .........................................................................................

Mã đề thi: 101

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the word whose underlined part differs
from the other three in pronunciation in each of the following questions.
Question 1. A. find
B. hide
C. fine
D. sit
Question 2. A. laughed
B. photographed
C. coughed
D. weighed
Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the word that differs from the other three
in the position of primary stress.
Question 3. A. prefer
B. visit
C. finish
D. study
Question 4. A. etiquette
B. intellectual
C. scientific
D. engineer
Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the following
questions.
Question 5. She will have finished the preparations for the meeting_______.
A. by the time her boss arrives
B. as soon as her boss had arrived
C. when her boss arrived
D. after her boss had arrived
Question 6. There was a lot of traffic but we managed________ to the airport in time.
A. not to get
B. got
C. to get
D. getting
Question 7. A lot of young people don't know how the Internet________.
A. was invented
B. invents
C. has invented
D. invented
Question 8. I hope this headache will________ soon.
A. go out
B. come away
C. wear off
D. pass away
Question 9. We had soup and sandwiches for_______ lunch.
A. a
B. an
C. X (no article)
D. the
Read the following advertisement/ announcement and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sh eet
to indicate the correct option that best fits each of the numbered blanks from 10 to 15.

🌐 EXPLORE INNOVATION AT IPITEX 2024!
Are you over 18? Join the Global Celebration of Ingenuity on Thailand Inventors' Day
On behalf of the National Research Council of Thailand (NRCT), It is a great pleasure to invite your
organization and your network agencies to submit the invention and innovation (10) ________ IPITEx
2024.
When you participate, you can :
 Connect with a diverse network of innovators.
 Showcase your inventions on an international stage.
 Foster (11) ___________collaboration between Thai and international inventors/organizations.
 Contribute to the advancement of research, invention, and innovation.
Mark your calendar for February 2 - 6, and be part of the (12) ________ ! We eagerly anticipate your
participation and contribution to the IPITEx 2024.
🚀 Join us in shaping the future! #IPITEx2024 #InnovationUnleashed
#ThailandInventorsDay
(Adapted from https://www.ifia.com/ipitex-2024/ )
Question 10:
A. in
B. on
C. at
D. for
Question 11:
A. a                 
Question 12:

B. an                        

C. the        

D.

 

Trang 7/6 - Mã đề 101

C. excited
D. excitation 
OF SCHOOL
I
NVENTION
WO R K S H O P .
The School LEMESON-MIT would like to announce:
 All students from High school and Community college (13) _________ to be present and showcase
their inventions on June 12-14,2024.
 You'll hear from expert speakers, educators, and colleagues about activities and techniques that help
diverse student populations develop confidence in their ability to (14) _________ in STEM.
 You will participate in small group workshops to develop skills tailored to your interests. Meet and
work with thought leaders in education as well as our Invention Education Fellows educators who
have extensive experience incorporating invention education into the classroom.
Click here to meet the Fellows (15) _________ you're interested in this Workshop.
(Adapted from https://lemelson.mit.edu )
Question 13:
A. are encouraged
B. be encouraged
C. encouraged
D. encourage
Question 14:
A. take
B. engage
C. improve
D. update
Question 15:
A. should
B. and
C. were
D. if
Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct arrangement of the sentences
to make a meaningful paragraph/ letter in each of the following questions.
Question 16:
a. Firstly, the process of invention often involves identifying a problem or need in society.
b. This is followed by brainstorming ideas and conducting research to find possible solutions.
c. Once a viable solution is conceptualized, inventors move on to prototyping and testing their invention.
d. Invention is a crucial driver of progress and innovation in society.
e. Finally, after refining the invention based on feedback and testing results, it can be brought to market or
implemented for practical use.
A. d - a - b - c – e
B. a - b - c - d – e
C. b - c - a - d – e
D. d - b - a - c - e
Question 17:
a. However, it has lots of storage, it's very cheap.
b. Hi, Anna, Guess what! I want to get a smartphone for playing games.
c. I can't wait to show it to you!
d. At first, The Royal 1000 looks great, but the camera isn't as good as some other phones.
e. Mike knows a lot about phones and computers, and he helped me choose my birthday smartphone.
f. See you soon!
A. b - c - a - e - d - f
B. b - d - e - a - c - f
C. b - a - d - e - c - f
D. b - e - d - a - c Mark the letter A, B, C, D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct option that best fits each of the
numbered blanks from 18 to 23.
Young people are turning to ChatGPT for dating advice.
ChatGPT has provided troves of information (18) _________ of people
around the world - but how does it go with matters of the heart?
In 2023, specialised artificial intelligence dating advice app Meeno (19)
____________ aged 18-34 and found that more than 86 per cent had turned
to ChatGPT or Google for dating and relationship advice, with 25 per cent
(20) ____________ ChatGPT as their source of advice.
Men were almost three times more likely to use the AI than women, with 15 per cent of female
participants using ChatGPT, compared to 41 per cent of men, the study also found.
"We found that less than half of young people, (21) __________ about interpersonal issues with even
their best friend, with only 1 in 10 people feeling comfortable opening up to their wider friendship group,"
Renate Nyborg, founder and CEO of Meeno, told 9news.com.au.
A. excitement
B. exciting
ANNOUNCEM ENT

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Professor of computer science and leader of the University of Sydney's Human Centred Technology
Research Cluster, Judy Kay, said people can learn to use tools like ChatGPT (22) __________ them think
through ideas about relationships and dating, but noted that these tools do not understand the complexities
of the human experience.
"Tools like ChatGPT answer your questions based on large language models built (23) __________,"
Kay said.
(Adapted from https://www.9news.com.au/ )
Question 18. A. to millions
B. to million
C. to be millions
D. to have million
Question 19. A. surveyed over 500 Australians
B. to survey over 500 Australians
C. survey over 500 Australians
D. have survey over 500 Australians
Question 20. A. specifically naming
B. have specifically name
C. had specifically naming
D. has specifically naming
Question 21.
A. where feel 'very comfortable' being vulnerable
B. whose feel 'very comfortable' being vulnerable
C. whom feel 'very comfortable' being vulnerable
D. who feel 'very comfortable' being vulnerable
Question 22. A. helping
B. to help
C. to helped
D. to helping
Question 23.
A. on analysing huge collections of documents
B. at analysing huge collections of documents
C. by analysing huge collections of documents
D. in analysing huge collections of documents
Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct
word or phrase that best fits each of the numbered blanks from 24 to 28.
ChatGPT: A comprehensive review on background,
applications, key challenges, bias, ethics, limitations and future scope
In recent years, artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (24) ___________ the landscape of
scientific research. Out of (25) _________, the chatbot technology has experienced tremendous
advancements in recent years, especially with ChatGPT emerging as a notable AI language model. This
comprehensive review delves into the background, applications, key challenges, and future directions of
ChatGPT. We begin by exploring its origins, development, and underlying technology, before examining its
wide-ranging applications across industries such as customer service, healthcare, and education. We also
highlight the critical challenges that ChatGPT faces, including ethical concerns, data biases, and safety
issues, while discussing potential mitigation strategies. Finally, we envision the future of ChatGPT by
exploring areas of further research and development, focusing on its integration with other technologies,
improved human-AI interaction, and addressing the digital divide. This review offers valuable insights for
researchers, developers, and stakeholders interested in the ever-evolving landscape of AI-driven
conversational agents. This study (26) _________ the various ways ChatGPT has been revolutionizing
scientific research, spanning from data processing and hypothesis generation to collaboration and public
outreach. Furthermore, the paper examines the potential challenges and ethical concerns surrounding the use
of ChatGPT in research, while highlighting the importance of striking a balance between AI-assisted
innovation and human expertise. (27) _________ paper presents several ethical issues in existing computing
domain and how ChatGPT can invoke challenges to such notion. This work also includes some biases and
limitations of ChatGPT. It is worth to note that despite of several controversies and ethical concerns,
ChatGPT (28) _________ remarkable attentions from academia, research, and industries in a very short
span of time.
(Adapted from https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S266734522300024X )
Question 24.
A. have been transforming B. has been transforming
C. transforming
D. transform
Question 25.
A. where
B. who
C. which
D. how
Question 26.
A. exploring
B. explored
C. explores
D. to explore
Question 27.
A. A
B. An
C. The
D. no article
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Question 28.
A. have attracted
B. has attarcted
C. had attracted
D. to have attracted
Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct
answer to each of the following questions from 29 to 33.
The Persistence and Peril of Misinformation
Misinformation—both deliberately promoted and accidentally shared—is
perhaps an inevitable part of the world in which we live, but it is not a new
problem. People likely have lied to one another for roughly as long as verbal
communication has existed. Deceiving others can offer an apparent opportunity to
gain strategic advantage, to motivate others to action, or even to protect
interpersonal bonds. Moreover, people inadvertently have ...