INDIRECT SPEECH
INDIRECT SPEECH
(CÂU TRỰC TIẾP / CÂU GIÁN TIẾP)
Câu gián tiếp (hay còn gọi là câu tường thuật) dùng để tường thuật lại lời nói trưc tiếp từ người
thứ nhất đến người thứ ba thông qua người thứ hai.
A. Introductory Verbs (Động từ giới thiệu)
Introductory Verbs
Present or Future

Past

Changing

Changing

Persons
Persons
Tenses
Adverbs
Dùng động từ giới thiệu SAY hoặc TELL: say that; say to S.O that; tell S.O that.
Lưu ý: Tell + tân ngữ thường dùng hơn Say to + tân ngữ
1. Thay đổi về ngôi thứ (đại từ nhân xưng (chủ ngữ và tân ngữ), tính từ sở hữu, đại từ sở hữu,
đại từ phản thân).

Personal
pronouns
(subject)

Personal
pronouns
(object)
Possessive
adjectives
Possessive
pronouns

Ngôi 1
I  he, she
Me  him, her
my  his, her
myself  himself, herself
we  they
us  them
our  their
ourselves  themselves

Ngôi 2
You  I, we

Ngôi 3
He, she, they
không đổi

you  me, us

Him, her, them
 không đổi

your  my, our

His, it, their 
không đổi

mine  his, hers
ours  theirs

Reflexive
pronouns

Yourself  myself, ourselves

2. Thay đổi về thì : thông thường , động từ trong câu gián tiếp sẽ được đổi lùi về một thì so với
các câu trực tiếp.
HIỆN TẠI  QUÁ KHỨ QUÁ KHỨ HOÀN THÀNH
DIRECT SPEECH
+ Simple present
V (s, es)
+ Present progressive
Am, is, are + V-ing
+ Present perfect
Theory

REPORTED SPEECH
+ Quá khứ đơn
V (ed/ cột 2)
+ Quá khứ tiếp diễn
Was, were + V-ing
+ Quá khứ hoàn thành
Page 1

INDIRECT SPEECH
Have/ has + Ved/ cột 3
+ Simple future
Will/ shall + Vo
+ Present perfect progressive
Have/ has + been + V-ing
+ Simple past
Ved/ cột 2
+ Past progressive
Was/ were + V-ing
+ Future continuous
Will/shall + be + Ving
+ Future perfect
Will/ shall + have + Vpp
+ Future perfect continuous
Will/ shall + have+ been+ Ving
+ Near future
Am/is/are + going to + Vo
+ Present modal
Can
May
Have/ has to
Must
Needn‟t
Would rather, had better, should, ought to,
used to

Had + Ved/ cột 3
+ Tương lai trong quá khứ
Would + Vo
+ Quá khứ hoàn thành tiếp diễn
Had + been + Ving
+ Quá khứ hoàn thành
Had + Vpp
+ Quá khứ hoàn thành tiếp diễn
Had + been + Ving
+ Tương lai tiếp diễn trong quá khứ
Would + be+ Ving
+ Modal perfect
Would + have + Vpp
+ Modal perfect continuous
Would + have+ been+ Ving
+ Near future in the past
Was/ were + going to + Vo
+ Past modal
Could
Might
Had to
Had to
Must
Didn‟t have to/ wouldn‟t have to
Needn‟t
Không đổi

3. Thay đổi trạng ngữ
DIRECT SPEECH
Tomorrow
Next Sunday
In two weeks
Today/ tonight
Yesterday
Yesterday evening
The day before yesterday
Two days ago
Next week
Last week
Now
Here
This (morning)
At present
This, these, that, those (as adjectives)
Theory

REPORTED SPEECH
The following day/ the next day
The next Sunday
In two weeks‟ time
The same day/ that day/ that night
The day before/ the previous day
The previous evening
Two days before/earlier
Two days before/earlier
The following week/ the next week
The previous week
Then
There
That (morning)
Then
The
Page 2

INDIRECT SPEECH
This, these, that, those (as pronouns)
Ago

It, they/ them
Before

B. Statements (Câu kể / Câu phát biểu )
S + SAID (THAT) + CLAUSE
S + SAID TO S.B (THAT) + CLAUSE
S + TOLD S.B (THAT) + CLAUSE
Direct Statement:
He said, “I was here yesterday”.
Indirect Statement:
He said
(that) he
had been
there the day before.
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
Từ Direct Statement chuyển sang Indirect Statement cần lưu ý những thay đổi sau:
a) dùng past tenses, trong Indirect Speech vì đang tường thuật lại những sự việc quá khứ nên
dùng thì quá khứ cho các động từ tường thuật.
b) bỏ dấu phẩy và dấu ngoặc kép thay vào bằng that hoặc có thể bỏ that.
c) đổi pronoun ở câu tường thuật cho phù hợp ý người tường thuật
d) động từ ở câu tường thuật lùi lại một thì.
e+ f) thời gian và nơi chốn cũng thay đổi tùy theo ngữ cảnh.
Ex:
He said, “ I am a student.”
 He said that he was a student.
 He said to me that he was a student.
 He told me that he was a student.
Ex: Bill said to me, “I‟m having a party at my flat.”
 Bill told me he was having a party at his flat.
C. Questions:
+ Yes – No question
S+

ASKED (+ O) / WONDERED
+ IF / WHETHER + S + V (LÙI THÌ)
INQUIRED/ WANTED TO KNOW

Ex:
Direct : “Are they happy?” he asked?”
Indirect :
He asked if
they were happy.
a)
b)
c)
d)
“ Can you swim, Peter?” she said.  She asked Peter if/ whether he could swim.
“ Will you come back at 6 P.M tomorrow?” she said to me
 She wondered whether I would come back at 6 P.M the next day.
+ WH- question : what/ when/ how/ where/ why …

Theory

Page 3

INDIRECT SPEECH
S+

ASKED (+ O) / WONDERED
+ WH- word + S + V (LÙI THÌ)
INQUIRED/ WANTED TO KNOW

Ex:
Direct : “ Why is Maria crying?” he wanted to know.
Indirect :
 He wanted to know
why Maria
was crying.
a)
b)
c)
d)
“ How far is it from the hotel to the bank?” he wondered.
 He wondered how far it was from the hotel to the bank.
“ How much money do you need?” she said to him.
 She asked him how much money he needed.
Chú ý cách đổi:
a) Verb ở main clause ở Past tense: wanted to know, wondered, asked.
b) dấu ngoặc kép và dấu chấm hỏi được bỏ đi, thay vào if/ whether/ question word.
c+d) sự đảo ngữ ở Direct Question chuyển thành trật tự câu Statement Subject thay đổi cho phù
hợp và Verb lùi một thì như cách đổi ở Reported Speech.
Lưu ý: Không dùng dấu ngoặc kép, dấu chấm hỏi, dấu chấm than, dấu hai chấm và dấu phẩy
trong lời tường thuật.
Một số trường hợp không thay đổi về thì trong lời nói gián tiếp:
- Động từ trong mệnh đề chính ở thì hiện tại đơn (say/ says), hiện tại tiếp diễn (is/ are saying), thì
hiện tại hoàn thành (have/ has said) hoặc tương lai đơn (will say).
Ex: Trevor says, „I‟m tired.” Trevor says (that) he‟s tired.
Ex: “ Has the taxi arrived yet?” he is wondering.
 He is wondering if the taxi has arrived yet.
- Lời nói trực tiếp diễn tả một chân lý hay một thói quen ở hiện tại.
Ex: The teacher said, “ The earth moves round the sun.”
 The teacher said (that) the earth moves round the sun.
- Thì của động từ không thay đổi ở câu điều kiện loại 2, 3 và ở mệnh đề WISH , WOULD
RATHER, WOULD SOONER, IT'S TIME ở hiện tại và quá khứ (không thật).
Ex: He said, “ If I were you I wouldn‟t wait.”
 He said if he were me he wouldn‟t wait.
Ex: “We wish we didn‟t have to take exams,” said the children.
 The children said they wished they didn‟t have to take exams.
Ex: He said, “ It‟s time we began planning our holidays.”
 He said that it was time they began planning thier holidays.
D. Tường thuật câu mệnh lệnh ( Commands, Requests, Orders, Offers, Advice ect. ) trong
lời nói gián tiếp
 Các mệnh lệnh (commands) được tường thuật với tell và to + infinitive. Câu mệnh lệnh,yêu
cầu có các dạng:
“(Don‟t) +V+…..+(please)”
“Will/Would/Can/Could +S + (not) +……+(please)?”
“Would you mind+ (not) +V-ing+…..?”
Theory

Page 4

INDIRECT SPEECH
=> S+ told / asked/ warned(cảnh báo) / begged (cầu xin) / ordered (ra lệnh) / reminded
(nhắc nhở) + O + (not) toV…
Ex: “Listen carefully” The teacher said to us
=> The teacher told/asked us to listen carefully.
Ex: “Don‟t make noise, Jim” The perfect said.
=> The perfect ordered Jim not to make noise.
Ex: “Would you mind putting out your cigarette?” said a woman.
=>A woman reminded me to put out my cigarette.
Ex: “ Wait! Wait!”  I told him to wait.
“Keep silent!” the teacher said to us  The teacher told us to keep silent.
 Các yêu cầu (requests) được tường thuật với ask và to + infinitive có dạng:
-“I‟d like+……..”
-“Can/Could I have+……..”
Khi chuyển gián tiếp ta áp dụng công thức:
S+ asked (+O) + for + st +…..
asked (+ O) to V...
Ex: In the café, the man said: “I‟d like a cup of tea”.
=>The man asked for a cup of tea.
Ex: “ Please close the window!” the man said to me.
The man asked me to close the window.
Ex: “ Please turn the radio down!” said the lady.
 The lady asked me to turn the radio down.
 Ngoài ask và tell, các động từ order, command, request, beg, implore cũng có thể được dùng.
Ex: “Please, please don‟t take any risks,” said his wife.
 His wife begged/ implored himnot to take any risks.
E. Các động từ tường thuật đặc biệt
Ngoài các động từ tường thuật cơ bản say, tell, và ask còn có thể sử dụng nhiều động từ khác để
tường thuật một lời nói trực tiếp. Các động từ này được dùng để diễn tả cảm xúc, hành động, thái
độ, … của người nói. Cần chú ý hiểu rõ tình huống trong câu trực tiếp để sử dụng đứng động từ.
Ex: “Shall I wash the dishes?” she said.
 She offered to wash the dishes.
ĐỘNG TỪ

Ý NGHĨA

VÍ DỤ

V + TO V
Agree

Đồng ý

Claim

Khẳng định

Demand

Đòi hỏi

Offer

Đề nghị

Promise

Hứa

Refuse

Từ chối

Theory

“OK, I‟ll work with him.”
 She agreed to work with him.
“I saw him open the door.”
 He claimed to have seen him open the
door.
“I want to see the manager.”
 She demanded to see the manager.
“ Let me give you a helping hand”.
 he offered to give me a helping hand.
“ We‟ll visit you.”
 she promised to visit me.
“I won‟t see him tonight.”
Page 5

INDIRECT SPEECH
Threaten

Đe dọa

Want = wish

Mong muốn

decide

Quyết định

 She refused to see him that night.
“I‟ll fire you if you do it again.”
 The boss threatened to fire him if he did it
again.
“I wish I had a beautiful house.”
 He wished/wanted to have a beautiful
house.
“ I‟ll have the fish soup, please,” said Tom.
 Tom decided to have the fish soup.

V + Gerund
Admit

Thừa nhận

Allow

Cho phép

Deny

Chối bỏ

Propose

Đề nghị

Recommend

Khuyên

Regret

Hối tiếc

Suggest (Let's do/ Shall we.../
Do you feel like...?/ Why
don't we...?/Why don't
you...?/ What/How about...?)
deny

Đề nghị

Phủ nhận

“Yes, I painted on your walls.”
 He admitted having painted on her walls.
“Please do not smoke here.”
 They don‟t allow smoking here.
“ No, I didn‟t take the money.”
 The boy denied taking the money.
“ These books should be banned.”
 He proposed banning those books.
“ You should buy this car.”
 He recommended buying that car.
“I shouldn‟t have called him last night.”
 He regretted calling him that night.
“ How about spending the day at the beach?”
said Mary.
 Mary suggested spending the day at the
beach.
“ No, I didn‟t take it! I wasn‟t even there!”
said Jerry.
 Jerry denied taking it.

V + O + TO V : instruct, persuade ...
Advise ( You should.../ You'd
better .../ If I were you ...)
Allow

Khuyên

Beg

Van xin

Command

Ra lệnh

Encourage

Khuyến khích

Forbid/ ban

Cấm

Invite (would you like...?/
Come and see...)

Mời

Theory

Cho phép

“ I think you should apologize her.”
 he advised me to apologize her.
“ You can use my bike today.”
 He allowed me to use his bike that day.
“Please don‟t tell her about this.”
 He begged me not to tell her about that.
“ Drop your weapons.”
 He commanded us to drop our weapons
“ Do what you want.”
 She encouraged him to do what he wanted.
“ You mustn‟t watch TV tonight.”
 His father forbade him to watch TV that
night.
“ Would you like to go out with me?”
 She invited me to go out with her.
Page 6

INDIRECT SPEECH
Order

Ra lệnh

Permit

Cho phép

Recommend

Khuyên

Remind (Remember.../ Don't
forget...)
Request

Nhắc nhở

Urge

Nài nỉ

Warn

Cảnh báo

Yêu cầu

“Bring me two cups of tea.”
 He ordered her to bring him two cups of
tea.
“ You can use the computer until 9.”
 She permitted us to use the computer until
9.
“ You should ask a lawyer.”
 I recommended him to ask a lawyer.
“ Don‟t stay up late.”
 Mom reminded me not to stay up late.
“ Show me your passport.”
 He requested me to show him my passport.
“Please stay with us.”
 They urged him to stay with them.
“ You had better not litter in Singapore.”
 They warned us not to litter in Singapore.

V + prep. + Gerund/ N
Accuse sb of

Buộc tội

Apologize to sb
for

Xin lỗi

Complain to sb
about/ of
Confess to

Phàn nàn

Congratulate sb
on
Inform sb about

Chúc mừng

Insist on

Cố đòi làm gì

Object to

Phản đối

Prohibit (sb)
from
Scold (sb) for

Ngăn cản

Thank sb for

Cám ơn

Prevent/keep
sb/sth from

Ngăn cản

Theory

Thừa nhận

Thông báo

Quở trách

“ You‟ve stolen my bicycle!”
 The boy accused his friend for having stolen his bicycle.
“ Sorry I‟ve hurt you.”
 She apologized for having hurt him
“Sorry, I‟ve stolen your watch.”
 I apologized to her for having stolen her watch.
“ It‟s time you changed the other shoes”, he said to me.
 He complained to me about not changing the other shoes.
“ I don‟t know anything about her.”
 He confessed to knowing nothing about her
“ Well done, Tim, you‟ve passed the exam!”
 I congratulated Tim on passing the exam.
“ There was a tsunami happened this morning.”
 He informed me about the tsunami
“I‟ll definitely buy it,” said Peter.
 Peter insisted on buying it.
“I don‟t think that plan works.”
 She objected to that plan.
“You mustn‟t plant the tree here.”
 She prohibited us from planting the tree there.
“Why are you so late? That‟s not good at all.”
 The boss scolded her for being late.
“I really appreciate your help.”
 I thanked them for helping me.
“ I won‟t allow you to get in touch with him.”
 Her father prevented her from getting touch with him.
“ I can‟t let you use the mobile phone.”
 Her mother prevented her from using mobile phone.
Page 7

INDIRECT SPEECH
Criticize sb for

Chỉ trích

Compliment sb
on

Khen ngợi

Praise sb for
Khen ngợi
Blame/ reproach Khiển trách
sb for

Dream of

Mơ về

Look forward to

Mong mỏi,
háo hức trông
mong
Nghĩ về

Think of
Warn sb against
Forbid/ ban sb
from

Nhắc chừng,
khuyến cáo
Cấm, ngăn
cấm

“ You should have taken the problem seriously.”
The headmaster criticized his students for not taking the
problem seriously.
“Oh, how large and beautiful your room is ! My friend said
to me.
 My friend complimented me on my beautiful and large.
She praised her team for their performance.
“ You should have sent me this report yesterday”, the
director said to his secretary.
 The director reproached his secretary for sending this
report late.
“ I desperately want to become a doctor.”
 He dreamt of becoming a doctor.
“What I always want is to see my family again.”
 She dreamt of seeing her family again
“ I can‟t wait to meet you again.”
 The boy looked forward to meeting his mother again.
“The woman is very poor. I think we should help her.”
 The man thought of helping the poor woman.
“ You shouldn‟t work too hard.”
 The doctor warned him against working too hard.
“ You mustn‟t mention the subject again.”
 He forbade them from mentioning the subject again.

F. Các loại câu hỗn hợp trong lời nói gián tiếp.
 Đôi khi người sử dụng nhiều câu hoặc loại câu khác nhau trong lời nói trực tiếp của mình.
Trong trường hợp này, người tường thuật phải sử dụng các liên từ and, and added, because, so,
since, but, while, then,ect... hoặc dùng dạng V-ing của các động từ tường thuật để nối các ý
trong câu gián tiếp lại với nhau.
Ex: “That job is really tiring,” she said. “Do you want me to help?”
 She said that job was really tiring and offered to help.
 She said that job was really tiring, offering to help.
Ex: He is a good boy,” she said. “ You must be proud of him.”
 She remarked that he was good and added that I must/had to be proud of him.
Ex: “ How can I turn on this copier?” she asked. “I have to copy this page.”
 She asked me how to turn on the copier because she had to copy that page.
Ex: “ Would you like some drink?” he said. ~”No, thanks,” I said.
 He offered me some drink, but I refused.
 Câu trực tiếp có thể gồm hai hoặc nhiều loại câu kết hợp với nhau : câu trần thuật + câu hỏi;
câu hỏi + câu mệnh lệnh; câu mệnh lệnh + câu trần thuật, ... khi đổi loại câu hỗn hợp này
sang câu gián tiếp, ta có thể đổi theo từng phần và dùng các động từ giới thiệu thích hợp riêng
cho từng phần.
Ex: “ I have left my watch at home. What time is it now?” he asked.
 He said (that) he had left his watch at home and asked (me) what time it was then.
Ex: “I‟m going shopping. Can I get you anything?” she said.
Theory

Page 8

INDIRECT SPEECH
 She said she wasgoing shopping and asked if she could get me anything.
Ex: “Someone‟s coming,” he said. “Get behind the screen”.
 He said that someone was coming and told me to get behind the screen.
Ex: Let‟s shop on Friday. The supermarket will be very crowded on Saturday,” she said.
 She suggested shopping on Friday and said that the supermarket would be very crowded on
Saturday.
G. Câu cảm thán:
* Câu cảm thán có dạng:
“What + (a/an) + adj +Noun!”
“How + adj + S+ V!”
=> S1 + exclaimed/ said + that + S2+V/be (lùi thì)+……..
=> S1 + exclaimed at/ with; marveled + Noun/ noun phrase
Ex: “What a lovely teddy bear!” The girl said.
=> “How lovely the teddy bear is! The girl said.
=> The girl exclaimed that the teddy bear was lovely.
Ex: They said: „ How beautifully she dances!”
 They said that she danced beautifully.
 They marveled at her dance.
Ex: Mr. Hoa said: “ What a bad boy!”
 She said that he was a bad boy.
 She exclaimed with displeasure at the bad boy.
 Một số câu cần nhớ:
-She said, "Curse(nguyền rủa) this dog!" =>She cursed the dog.
-She said, "Luck!" => She wished me luck.
-She said, "Thank you very much!" => She thanked me very much.
-She said, "Congratulations!" => She congratulated me.
-She said, "Traitor(kẻ phản bội)/ Liar(kẻ dối trá)!"
=> She called me a traitor/liar.
-She said, "Happy Christmas!" => She wished me a happy Christmas.
-She said, "Hell!(chết tiệt)" => She swore(chửi rủa).
-The notice said: "Welcome to Edinburgh" => The notice welcomed visitors to Edinburgh.
-"Good!" he exclaimed =>He gave an exclamation of pleasure/satisfaction.
-“Ugh(Ối;Eo ơi)!" she exclaimed, and turned the programme off
=> With an exclamation of disgust (làm phẫn nộ) she turned the programme off.
-“Hello John”She said. => She greeted John.

Theory

Page 9