Chapter 1: TENSES
Thì & coâng thöùc
Daáu hieäu nhaän bieát
Caùch duøng
Ghi chuù
1. Thì hieän taïi ñôn:
(Simple present)
• Khaúng ñònh:
S + V0 /Vs / es
• Phuû ñònh :
S +don't / doesn't + V0
• Nghi vaán:
Do / Does + S + V0 ?

* Döïa vaøo caùc traïng töø chæ söï thöôøng xuyeân:
- always , usually, often, sometimes, seldom, hardly, rarely, never, consequently,…
- once a week, twice a year,…
- everyday, every year …
- Dieãn taû 1 thoùi quen, 1 haønh ñoäng laëp ñi, laëp laïi nhieàu laàn (thöôøng coù caùc traïng töø chæ söï thöôøng xuyeân trong caâu)
- Dieãn taû 1 söï thaät, 1 chaân lí bao giôø cuõng ñuùng (thöôøng khoâng coù traïng töø, yeâu caàu hs phaûi hieåu nghóa cuûa caâu)
@ Caùch phaùt aâm s / es:
/ iz /
/ s /
/ z /
- laø nhöõng ñoäng töø taän cuøng coù caùc chöõ: s, z, x, sh, ch, g,
- laø nhöõng ñoäng töø taän cuøng coù caùc chöõ: p , t, k, gh, th
- caùc tröôøng hôïp coøn laïi

- Ñoái vôùi ñoäng töø “to be”: am / is / are
- Ñoái vôùi ñoäng töø “to have”: coù 2 hình thöùc:
@ I / you / we / they / .. + have
@ He / she / It / .. + has
- Löu yù caùch theâm vaø phaùt aâm s / es

@ Caùch theâm s / es
V + es
V + s
- Caùc ñoäng töø taän cuøng laø: o,z, s, sh, ch,,x vaø y  i + es
- Caùc tröôøng hôïp coøn laïi theâm s

2. Thì hieän taïi tieáp dieãn:
(Present progressive)
S + am / is / are + V- ing
S + am/is/are + not + V-ing
Is / Are + S + V-ing …?


* Döïavaøo caùc traïng töø: now, right now, at the moment, at present
* Caùc cuïm töø baét ñaàu nhö moät lôøi yeâu caàu, caûnh baùo …: Listen! / Look! / Be careful! / Don't make noise! ………

- Dieãn taû moät haønh ñoäng ñang dieãn ra ôû hieän taïi hoaëc ngay luùc noùi (thöôøng xuaát hieän caùc traïng töø chæ söï thöôøng xuyeân)
- Ñoâi khi thì naøy coøn duøng vôùi traïng töø always ñeå dieãn taû moät söï than phieàn veà moät vaán ñeàà gì ñoù
@ Löu yù caùch theâm ing vaøo ñoäng töø:
- Ñoäng töø taän cuøng coù e  boû e theâm ing
- Ñt taän cuøng coù 1 phu ïaâm vaø 1 nguyeân aâm daáu nhaán ôû vaàn thöù 2  gaáp ñoâi phuï aâm cuoái roài theâm ing )

3. Thì hieän taïi hoaøn thaønh
(Present perfect)
S + has / have + V3 / ed
S + has / have + not + V3 / ed
Has / Have + S + V3 / ed …?

* Döïa vaøo caùc traïng töø:
- Xuaát hieän giöõa have vaø V3 / ed : already, just, ever, never (.. before)
- Xuaát hieän ôû cuoái caâu: yet, recently, lately, so far, up to now, several / many times, till, until, today, this morning / month; hoaëc vôùi for + 1 khoaûng thôøi gian vaø since + 1 ñieåm thôøi gian / S + V2/ed
- Xuaát hieän ôû ñaàu caâu:
This is the first time…
It is the second time …
- Dieãn taû moät haønh ñoäng dieãn ra khoâng coù thôøi gian xaùc ñònh(y/c hs hieåu nghóa cuûa caâu ñeå phaân bieät vôùi caùch dieãn taû moät chaân lí cuûa thì hieän taïi ñôn)
- Dieãn taû moät haønh ñoäng vöøa môùi xaûy ra hoaëc chöa xaûy ra
- Dieãn taû moät haønh ñoäng chöa töøng (never) hoaëc ñaõ töøng (ever) xaûy ra tröôùc ñoù
- Dieãn taûmoät haønh ñoäng ñaõ xaûy ra trong quaù khöù nhöng vaãn coøn ôû hieän taïi vaø caû trong töông lai
* Löu yù:
- Ñoái vôùi thì hieän taïi hoaøn thaønh ñoøi hoûi hs :
@ Phaûi naém ñöôïc ñoäng töø coù qui taéc (theâm ED) vaø ñoäng töø baát qui taéc.
@ Thay ñoåi ñoäng töø have theo chuû töø soá nhieàu (have) vaø chuû töø soá ít (has)
@ Ñoái vôùi caâu coù since :
S + have / has + V3 / ed + since + S + V2 / ed
5. Thì quaù khöù ñôn
(Simple past)
* Ñoäng töø thöôøng:
S + V2 / ed
S + did + not + V0
Did + S + V0 …?
* To be :
S + was / were…
S + was / were + not …..
Was / Were + S + …?

* Döïa vaøo caùc traïng töø:
yesterday, ago, last week…, vaø caùc thôøi gian trong quaù khöù





- Dieãn taû moät haønh ñoängñaõ xaûy ra vaø hoaøn toaøn keát thuùc trong quaù khöù
- Söû duïng ôû daïng caâu keå
Löu yù:
- Hoïc thuoäc loøng ñoäng töø baát qui taéc (V2)
- Bieát caùch theâm ED vaøo ñoäng töø ñoái vôùi ñoäng töø coù qui taéc (Ved)
@ Caùch theâm ED: haàu hết caùc ñoängtöø khi theâm ED ñeàu gioáng nhö theâm ING
@ Caùch phaùt aâm ED : coù 3 caùch
/ id /
/ t /
/ d /
Ñoäng töø taäncuøng coù caùc chöõ: t , d
Ñoäng töø taäncuøng coù caùc chöõ : ph , ch , sh , k , gh , c , f , p , x , s
Caùc tröôøng hôïp coøn laïi

6. Thì quaù khöù tieáp dieãn
(Past progressive)
S + was / were + Ving…
S + was / were + not + Ving …
Was / Were + S + Ving …?

* Döïa vaøo caùc traïng töø:
At ( 7o'clock ) yesterday / last week
At this / that time last year…
- Dieãn taûmoät haønh ñoäng ñaõ ñang xaûy ra taïi moät thôøi ñieåm xaùc ñònh trong quaù khöù
- Dieãn taû 1 haønh ñoäng dieãn ra trong 1 khoaûng thôøi gian xaùc ñònh ôû quaù khöù (from … to)
- Dieãn taû moät haønh ñoäng ñang dieãn ra trong quaù khöù baát chôït coù 1 haønh ñoäng khaùc xen vaøo (chia ôû thì quaù khöù ñôn, coù lieân töø WHEN)
- Dieãn taû 2 haønh ñoäng xaûy ra song song vôùi nhau (coù lieân töø WHILE)

8. Thì töông lai ñôn:
(Simple future)
S + will + V0 ………
S + won't + V0 …..
Will + S + V0 ……?

* Döïa vaøo caùc traïng töø:
tomorrow, next week / month , someday vaø caùc traïng töø khaùc trong töông lai
- Dieãn taû moät haønh ñoäng söï vieäc seõ xaûy ra trong töông lai

Löu yù:
Taát caû caùc chuû töø ñeàu coù theå duøng vôùi WILL nhöng chuû töø I / WE coøn coù theå duøng vôùi SHALL / SHAN'T



9. Thì töông lai gaàn:
(The near future)
S + be going to + V0 ………
S + be + not + going to + V0
Be + S + going to + V0 ……?

Töông töï thì töông lai ñôn
- Dieãn taû moät döï ñònh cho töông lai vaø döï ñònh ñoù ñaõ ñöôïc suy xeùt can thaän







Supply the blank with the correct tense of the verb.
1. When we (go)………………… out, it (rain)……………………
2. You (watch)…… television when I (phone) ………………you?
3. I (get)…………… up early this morning. I (wash) …………… and (dress)…………., then I (have) ……………breakfast.
4. We (meet)…… … John at the party. She (wear)…… a red dress.
5. Her children ( play )…………………… football when I came.
6. Writing many letters often ( make )…………… her happy.
7. Nothing (be )……… better than going to the cinema tonight.
8. The Philippines ( consist )…………of more than 7.000 islands.
9. There (be) …………only a few people at the meeting last night.
10. None of the students (finish) …………………… the test yet.
11. The number of students in this room right now (be) ……… 20.
12. The police (come) ......……at the moment.I (already, call) ……………… them.
13. There (be) …………… a number of telephone calls today.
14. Economics (be) ………… John's major field of study last year.
15. Growing flowers (be) …………………… her hobby.
16. The English (like) ……………………… to drink tea.
17. One of my friends (be) …………………… an actress.
18. Your glasses (be) …………………… on the desk last night.
19. What ………… your children (do) …………… now?
20. Jane wasn't at home went i went to see her. She (work)……….
21. The postman (come)……… while I (have) …………breakfast.
22. I was late but my friends (wait)…… for me when i (arrive)…
23. He (not, drive) ……….fast when the accident (happen)……….
24. What ...........you (do)……… last Saturday morning?. – I went to the cinema.
25. ………… the police (look) ………… for the criminal now?
Choose the correct tense of the verbs in parentheses for each sentence by circling the letter A, B ,C or D
1. Mr. Gibbon usually drinks water, but in this party he ............. champagne.
A. drinks B. has drunk C. is drinking D. will drink
2. I'll show you around the city when you ........... to visit me.
A. come B. are coming C. will come D. will be coming
3. Both televisions and computers ........... an enormous impact on our lives.
A. have B. had had C. have has D. have had
4. David and Peter ........... to live next door to each at one time
A. had uses B. used C. were used D. have used.
5. We .......... out yesterday because it ................. .
A. hadn't gone - was raining B. didn't go - rained
C. didn't go - was raining D. didn't go - had been raining
6. I wish you ......... to leave now. The party has just begun.
A. don't have B. not have C. wouldn't have D. didn't have
7. We.......... English next Monday.
A. learn B. will learn C. are learning D. will learning
8. We ____ our plan next week.
A. started B. will start C. have started D. will have started
9.I …….......... him your message when I ……..........him.
A. give/ will see B. will give/ see
C. will give/ will see D. will be given / will see
10. While she ....... on the phone, the children ....... fighting and ....... a window.
A. talked / started / broke B. was talking / started / broke
C. was talking / was starting / broke D. was talking / was started / broke
5. John ................ tennis once or twice a week.
A. usually play B. is usually play C. usually plays D. have usually plays
6. At 5 o'clock yesterday evening, I ............... my clothes.
A. am ironing B. have ironed C. was ironing D. ironed
7. She .......... German for two years.
A. has learnt B. is learning C. learn D. learns
9. The earth ............... round the sun.
A. go B. has gone C. went D. goes
10. They .......... me about it last week.
A. was telling B. told C. has told D. would tell
11. My grandfather ............. many years ago.
A. had died B. has died C. died D. was dying
12. The boys broke a window when they ............. football.
A. played B. were playing C. had played D. are playing
14. A lot of money ........... on advertising every year.
A. spend B. spends C. is spent D. are spent
15. The meal ................ when I came.
A. was be cooked B. is cooked
C. was being cooked D. is being cooked
16. He .......... to New York three times this years.
A. had been B. was C. is D. has been
21. Hurry! The train.......... I don't want to miss it.
A. come B. is coming C. came D. has come
20. Television .......... very popular since the 1950s.
A. is B. was C. has been D. had been


Chapter 2: PASSIVE VOICE
Coâng thöùc chung cuûa theå bò ñoäng: S(O) + Be + V3 / ed + traïng töø chæ nôi choán + By O (S) + traïng töø chæ thôøi gian
THÌ
Active voice
Passive voice
GHI CHUÙ
1. Hieän taïi ñôn :
S + V0 / VS / ES + O
S( O ) + is, are, am + V(3,ed) + by O( S )
- S  (by) O
I  ( by) me
You  (by) you
We  (by) us
They  (by) them
He  (by) him
She  (by) her
It  (by) it
Someone  (by)
someone
People  (by)
People
(caùc tuùc töø treân (by + O) coù theå boû khi ñoåi sang caâu passive voice)
Rieâng caùc chuû töø (S) nhö teân rieâng chæ ngöôøi, vaät, söï vaät, söï vieäc thì khi ñoåi sang caâu Passive voice khoâng theå boû ñi maø phaûi chuyeån thaønh O ñi sau giôùi töø By

S + do / does + not + V0 + O
S( O ) + is, are, am + not + V(3,ed) + by O( S )


(WH) + do / does + S + V0 + O?
(WH) + is, are + S( O ) + V(3,ed) + by O( S )?


Noone + Vs / es + O
S( O ) + am / is / are + not + V3 / ed

2. Thì hieän taïi tieáp dieãn
S + am / is / are + Ving + O
S( O ) + is, are, am + being + V(3,ed) + by O( S )


S + am / is / are + not + Ving + O
S( O ) + is, are, am + not + being + V(3,ed) + by O( S )


(WH) + is / are + S + Ving + O …?
(WH) + is, are + S( O ) + being + V(3,ed) + by O( S )?


Noone + is + Ving + O
S( O ) + am / is / are + not + being + V3 / ed

3. Thì hieän taïi hoaøn thaønh
S + has / have + V3 / ed + O
S( O ) + has / have + been + V(3,ed) + by O( S )


S + has / have + not + V3 / ed + O
S( O ) + has / have + not + been + V(3,ed) + by O( S )


(WH) + has / have + S + V3/ ed + O …?
(WH) + has / have + S( O ) + been + V(3,ed) + by O( S )?


Noone + has + V3 / ed + O
S( O ) + have / has + not + been + V3 / ed

4. Thì quaù khöù ñôn
S + V2/ ED + O
S( O ) + was / were + V(3,ed) + by O( S )


S + did + not + V0 + O
S( O ) + was / were + not + V(3,ed) + by O( S )


(WH) + did + S + V0 + O?
(WH) + was / were + S( O ) + V(3,ed) + by O( S )?


Noone + V2 / ed + O
S( O ) + was / were + not + V3 / ed

5. Thì quaù khöù tieáp dieãn
S + was / were + Ving + O
S( O ) + was / were + being + V(3,ed) + by O( S )


S + was / were + not + Ving + O
S( O ) + was / were + not + being + V(3,ed) + by O( S )


(WH) + was / were + S + Ving + O …?
(WH) + was / were + S( O ) + being + V(3,ed) + by O( S )?


Noone + was + Ving + O
S( O ) + was / were + not + being + V3 / ed

7. Thì töông lai ñôn
S + will / shall + V0 + O
S( O ) + will + be + V(3,ed) + by O( S )


S + won't / shan't + V0 + O
S( O ) + won't / shan't + be + V(3,ed) + by O( S )


(WH) + will + S + V0 + O?
(WH) + will + S( O ) + be + V(3,ed) + by O( S )?


Noone + won't + V0 + O
S( O ) + will / shall + not + be + V3 / ed

8. Töông lai gaàn
S + am / is / are going to + V0 + O
S( O ) + is, are, am going to + be + V(3,ed) + by O( S )


S + am / is/ are + not +going to + V0 + O
S( O ) + is, are, am + not + V(3,ed) + by O( S )


(WH) + is / are + S + going to + V0?
(WH) + is, are + S( O ) + V(3,ed) + by O( S )?


Noone + is going to + V0 + O
S( O ) + am / is / are + not + V3 / ed

9. Modal verbs
S + Modal verbs + V0 + O
S( O ) + Modal verbs + be + V(3,ed) + by O( S )
Modal verbs: can / could / should / would / may / must

S + Modal verbs + not + V0 + O
S( O ) + Modal vebs + not + be + V(3,ed) + by O( S )


(WH) + Modal verbs + S + V0 + O ?
(WH) + Modal vebs + S( O ) + be + V(3,ed) + by O( S )?


Noone + Modal verbs + V0 + O
S( O ) + Modal verbs + not + be + V3 / ed

10. have / has to
S + have / has to + V0 +O
S( O ) + have / has to + be + V(3,ed) + by O( S )


S + don't / doesn't + have to + V0 + O
S( O ) + don't / doesn't + have to+ be + V(3,ed) + by O( S )


Noone + has to + V0 + O
S( O ) + don't / doesn't + have to + be + V3 / ed

11. used to
S + used to + V0 + O
S( O ) + used to + be + V(3,ed) + by O( S )

CAÁU TRUÙC PHÖÙC TAÏP COÙ: THÔØI GIAN & NÔI CHOÁN:
S + BE + V3 + ADV (PLACE) + BY OBJECT + ADV(TIME)

Change these sentences into passive:
A. Present Simple:
1) People speak English all over the world.
--> .......................................................................................................
2) Mr. Nam gives lectures in universities everyday.
--> .......................................................................................................
3) My dictionary doesn't give any example of this word.
--> .......................................................................................................
4) What language do people speak in this country?
--> .......................................................................................................
5) How many books do you give me?
--> .......................................................................................................
6) Do people use milk for making butter and cheese?
--> .......................................................................................................
7) Noone grows flowers in this place
--> .......................................................................................................
B. Present Progressive:
1. He is preparing everything for the presidential election.
--> .......................................................................................................
2. Countries are finding a way to solve the problem.
--> .......................................................................................................
3. Someone is following us.
--> .......................................................................................................
4. The Prime Minister is making a speech at the moment.
--> .......................................................................................................
5. I am translating an article from English into Vietnamese.
--> .......................................................................................................
C. Present Perfect:
1. John hasn't finished his home work.
--> .......................................................................................................
2. This terrorist has kept 3 hostages for a week.
--> .......................................................................................................
3. He hasn't seen you for years.
--> .......................................................................................................
4. Nobody has used this room for ages.
--> .......................................................................................................
5. He has caught a lion and shot 2 others.
--> .......................................................................................................
D. Past Simple:
1. She didn't introduce me to her mother.
--> .......................................................................................................
2. An earthquake destroyed the town.
--> .......................................................................................................
3. He didn't type the letter last night.
--> .......................................................................................................
4. When did you see him in that bank?
--> .......................................................................................................
5. He gave me a knife to cut this bread.
--> .......................................................................................................
6. She read the letter again and again last night.
--> .......................................................................................................
E. Past Progressive:
1. Cows were eating grass on the meadow.
--> .......................................................................................................
2. Her father was planting different kinds of flowers in the garden.
--> .......................................................................................................
3. They were carrying the injured player off the field.
--> .......................................................................................................
4. Mrs. White was drawing diagrams on the blackboard.
--> .......................................................................................................
F. Simple Future
1. I will put your gloves back in your drawer.
--> .......................................................................................................
2. Mary will see her friends off at the station.
--> .......................................................................................................
3. They will pick me up at my house.
--> .......................................................................................................
4. My father will take me to Ho Chi Minh City next week.
--> .......................................................................................................
5. When will you do the work?
--> .......................................................................................................
6. He won't tell me the truth about the situation.
--> .......................................................................................................
G. Các hình thức khác:
1. He isn't going to buy that house.
--> .......................................................................................................
2. We have to pick fruit very early in the morning.
--> .......................................................................................................
3. He couldn't find his key.
--> .......................................................................................................
4. She used to pull my hat over my eyes.
--> .......................................................................................................
5. You must wash your hands.
--> .......................................................................................................
6. The cashier used to do the accounts.
--> .......................................................................................................
Chapter 3: REPORTED SPEECH
@CÂU TƯỜNG THUẬT
Câu tường thuật là câu thuật lại một cách gián tiếp của người khác.
1/ Cách đổi một câu mệnh lệnh,yeâu caàu từ câu nói trực tiếp sang gián tiếp(loaïi 1)

* Mệnh lệnh, yệu cầu tường thuật

She said to his classmate: “Don't close the door”
 She told his classmate not to close the door.
She said to her friend: “Can you help me with doing the difficult exercise?.”
 She asked her friend to help her with doing the difficult exercise
• Tường thuật với should
S + said +S +should +inf

Ex : Lan's father said “ You should help your mother with doing the housework,Lan”
-> Lan'sfather said she should help her mother with doing the housework.
EXERCISES:
I/ Change the sentences into the reported speech:
1. Their mother said to them, “ Don't make so much noise"
Their mother told them…………………………………………………………….
2.Miss Jackson said to Tim “ Could you help me a hand, please”
Miss Jackson asked Tim………………………………………………………………………
3.Nam said to the taxi driver, “ Please turn left at the first traffic light”
Nam asked the taxi driver……………………………………………………………………
4. Miss Jackson said “ You should improve your Spanish pronunciation ,Tim”
Miss Jackson said………………………………………………………………………………
2/ Đổi một câu khẳng định hoặc phủ định từ câu nói trực tiếp sang gián tiếp.(loaïi2)

• Câu kể tường thuật


Ex: He said: “I am a student.”  He said that He was a student.
Chú ý: Ta caàn ñoåi
• Thì (hiện tại đơn  quá khứ đơn, quá khứ đơn  quá khứ hoàn thành)
• Các trạng từ chỉ thời gian và nơi chốn
I- Reported statements: (loaïi2)
1. “ I'll see you tomorrow'' She said......................................................................................
2. “ I saw her today'' She said.........................................................................................
3. “I don't like this film'' She said......................................................................................
4. “ We went swimming today'' She said......................................................................................
5. “ Peter and Sue are getting married tomorrow'' He said...........................................................................................
6. “I really like this furniture'' She said......................................................................................................................
7. “ I'm meeting them at four o'clock today'' He said..............................................................................................................
8. “ I live here with my parents'' He said.....................................................................................................................................
9. “ Our new house is beautiful'' He said......................................................................................................................................
10. “ I want to be a teacher of English'' He said................................................................................................................................
11. “ I can't speak Chinese'' She said...............................................................................................................................................
12. “ My sister is now having a wonderful time in Nha Trang'' He said...........................................................................................
13. “ I'll be very busy today'' She said.............................................................................................................................................
14. “ I must come to the meeting tomorrow'' He said.........................................................................................................
 Cách đổi một câu nghi vấn từ câu nói trực tiếp sang gián tiếp(loaïi3)
* Câu hỏi tường thuật


1.She asked me: “Do you like him?”  She asked me if I liked him.
2.She said to me: “Are you hungry?”  She asked me whether I was hungry.
II- Reported Yes – No questions.
1. “Do you want to buy any second – hand books?'' Bill asked me ………………………………………………..
2. “Do you play any musical instruments?''=> Lan asked me ……………………………………………
3. “Will you have time to play regularly? ''=> Bill asked Phong …………………………………………………………….
4. “Do you play for your school team?'' => Lan asked me ………………………………………………………..
5. “Can you speak any other languages?'' He asked Nga ……………………………………………….….
6. “Are you interested in learning English?'' => Lan asked me ………………………………………………..
7. “Is there a phone?'' => Lan asked me …………………………………………………………………….
8. “Do you have many friends?'' He asked me …………………………………………………………….
9. “Do you often get home after 10 .30 p.m?'' => Lan asked me …………………………………………………………
10.“Can you speak English?'' => Lan asked me if …………………………………………………………………….
III- Wh-questions:
1. “Why do you have to do this work?'' He asked me......
2. “What are you doing?” => He asked Lan……
3. “What will you do when you leave school?” => Lan asked me…………..
4. “How did you know my name?” => He asked Hung…….
5. “Why didn't you phone me?” => He asked Lan…….
6. “When can I see the doctor?” => Lan asked me…………..
7. “Where are you going?” => He asked Lan…….
8. “Where are you going to spend the holiday?” => Lan asked me…………..
9. “How big are the classes?” => He asked Lan…….
10. “What sorts of food do they serve?” => Lan asked me…………..
*Nh÷ng thay ®æi khi chuyÓn tõ c©u trùc tiÕp sang c©u gi¸n tiÕp :
-§æi ng«i, ®æi th×, tõ chØ thêi gian vµ n¬i chèn theo quy t¾c.
-Khi chuyÓn tõ c©u trùc tiÕp sang c©u gi¸n tiÕp ta ph¶i lïi 1 th× :






Trùc tiÕp
Gi¸n tiÕp
+HiÖn t¹i ®¬n

+HiÖn t¹i tiÕp diÔn

+Qu¸ khø ®¬n
+HiÖn t¹i hoµn thµnh
+Qu¸ khø tiÕp diÔn
+HiÖn t¹i hoµn thµnh tiÕp diÔn.

+T­¬ng lai th­êng: Will/ shall

+T­¬ng lai hoµn thµnh
+Qóa khø hoµn thµnh
+C¸c c©u ®iÒu kiÖn
-->Qu¸ khø ®¬n

-->Qu¸ khø tiÕp diÔn


-->Qu¸ khø hoµn thµnh

-->Qu¸ khø hoµn thµnh tiÕp diÔn

-->T­¬ng lai trong qu¸ khø : Would/

-->would/ could + have + V-pII…
--> kh«ng ®æi
--> kh«ng ®æi

* §æi tõ chØ thêi gian, n¬i chèn:
Trùc tiÕp
Gi¸n tiÕp
This
These
Here
Now
Ago
Today
Tonight
Tomorrow
Yesterday
Last night/ week/ month/ year

Next week/ month/ year
That
Those
There
Then/ at one/ immediately.
Before
That day
That night
The next/ following day.
The day before/ the previous day
The night/ week/ month/ year before hoÆc the previous night…..
The following week/ month/ year.

Chapter 4: TAG QUESTIONS
Caâu phaùt bieåu
Caâu hoûi ñuoâi
Caâu phaùt bieåu
Caâu hoûi ñuoâi
S + V0 / V S / ES …….. ,
S + don't / doesn't + V0 ,
don't/ doesn't + S?
do / does + S ?
S + are / is ………..,
S + aren't/ isn't,
aren't / isn't + S?
are / is + S?
I + am……………………..,
I + am not ……….,
AREN'T +I?
AM +I ?
S + was / were ……..,
S + wasn't / weren't ..,
wasn't / weren't + S?
was / were + S ?
S + V2 / ED …………… ,
S + didn't + V0…………….,
didn't + S?
did + S ?
S + have / has + V3/ED ,
S + haven't/hasn't + V3/ED ,
haven't / hasn't + S?
have / has + S?
S + had + V+3 / ed … ……,
hadn't + S?
S + hadn't + V+3 / ed … ……,
had + S?
S + will + V0 ………… ,
S + won't + V0 ………… ,
won't + S ?
will + S ?
S+ can / may.. + V­0 ,
S+ can't/ mayn't… +V0
can't / mayn't + S?
can / may + S ?
S + have to / has to +V0 ,
don't / doesn't+S?
Let's + V0 ……… ,
shall we?
V0 …………. ,
Don't + V0 ………….
will you?
won't you ?
There + is / are …..,
There + isn't / aren't …… ,
isn't / aren't + there?
is / are + there?
* Caùc chuû töø trong caâu hoûi ñuoâi luoân laø: HE , SHE , I , YOU, WE, THEY, IT.
Caâu phaùt bieåu
Caâu hoûi ñuoâi
Caâu phaùt bieåu
Caâu hoûi ñuoâi
Caâu phaùt bieåu
Caâu hoûi ñuoâi
Teân ngöôøi nam  he ?
Teân ngöôøi vaø I  we?
Teân ngöôøi nöõ  she?
This / that  it?
Teân hai ngöôøi  they ?
These / those  they ?
Someone  they ?
Somebody  they?
Noone  they?
Nobody  they?
Anyone  they?
Anybody  they?
Something  it?
Nothing  it?
Anything  it?
* Löu yù:
Khi trong caây coù caùc traïng töø: seldom, hardly, never, rarely ; nobody/ no one / nothing (töông ñöông yù phuû ñònh)  trong phaàn caâu hoûi ñuoâi luoân ôû theå khaúng ñònh
Ex: Lan rarely goes to school on time, does she?
Nobody likes the meeting, do they?
Chapter 5: WISH SENTENCES
• Wish : ao öôùc
• Sau Wish ta duøng moät meänh ñeà chæ moät ñieàu ao öôùc moät ñieàu khoâng coù thaät.
• Coù 3 loaïi caâu sau Wish ñöôïc duøng ñeå chæ söï ao öôùc ôû töông lai, hieän taïi vaø quaù khöù.
<1> Future wish ( ước muốn ôû töông lai )
a) Formation


Ex : I wish I would go to the moon tomorrow
b) Signs:
_ Tonight , tomorrow , next , some day , soon , again , in the future
<2> Present Wish : ( ước muốn ôû hieän taïi)
a) Formation
S + wish + S + V_ed /2
be : were
Ex : I wish I had a new bicycle
I wish I were a doctor
b) Signs:
- Today, often ,every day, now , rightnow, at present ………
<3> Past Wish : ( ao öôùc ôû quaù khöù )
a) Formation


Ex: I wish they had known the truth yesterday.
b) Signs: - Yesterday , last , ago , this morning ………
II .Bµi tËp ¸p dông: ViÕt l¹i c¸c c©u sau dïng wish
1. I don't have enough money.-->I wish ……………………………………………
2- You've eaten too much and now you feel sick.-->You say: I wish …………………………………
3. I can't sing that songI wish ……………………………………………
4. It's raining.-->I wish …………………………………………..
5. I am too fat.-->I wish …………………………………………….
6. The weather is bad to day.-->I wish …………………………………………….
7- You've just painted the door red. Now you decided that it doesn't look very nice.
You say: I wish …………………………………..
8- I haven't got a washing machine.-->I wish …………………………………………….
9- I am sorry I called him a liar.-->I wish ………………………………………….…
10- I'm sorry I don't live near my work.-->I wish…………………………………………….
Chapter 6: CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
(MEÄNH ÑEÀ VÔÙI IF)
• Caâu ñieàu kieän bao goàm 2 meänh ñeà : meänh ñeà chính ( main clause ) vaø meänh ñeà phuï ( dependent clause ) baét ñaàu baèng If hoaëc Unless (neáu khoâng, tröø khi ) hay coøn ñöôïc goïi laø meänh ñeà ñieàu kieän ( conditional clause / If clause )
• Coù 3 loaïi caâu ñieàu kieän :
<1> Possible condition : ( ñieàu kieän coù theå xaûy ra ôû hieän taïi hoaëc töông lai ) .
* Formation
If + S + V ( HTÑ ) + , S + will / shall + V
can/may
have to / must
should / ought to
Ex : If I have time , I will help you .
<2> Present Unreal condition : ( ñieàu kieän khoâng thaät ôû hieän taïi )
* Formation
If + S + V­2 / ED , S + would / should / could/ might + V
be: were
Ex : If I had time , I would help you .
<3> Past unreal condition : ( ñieàu kieän khoâng thaät ôû quaù khöù )
* Formation:

If + S + V ( QKHT) , S + would / should / could / might + have + P.P
Ex : If I had had time , I would have helped you .
* Notes : ( ghi chuù )
+ Meänh ñeà ñieàu kieän coù theå ñi vôùi caâu meänh leänh , yeâu caàu ôû caâu ñieàu kieän loaïi I.
Ex : If you meet him , please phone me.
+ Caâu ñieàu kieän phuû ñònh “ If ………… not “ ta coù theå thay baèng Unless vaø caâu ñieàu kieän ñöôïc dieãn taû baèng Or cuõng ñöôïc thay theá baèng Unless .
Ex : 1 / If you don't study hard , you'll fail in the exam.
 Unless you study hard , you'll fail in the exam.
2/ Study hard or you will fail in the exam.
 Unless you study hard , you will fail in the exam.
* Khi ta ñoåi moät caâu ñieàu kieän vôùi “ If” sang “ Unless” , ta theo coâng thöùc sau :
If_ clause Unless.
◦ Phuû ñònh Khaúng ñònh ( meänh ñeà chính khoâng ñoåi )
◦ Khaúng ñònh Khaúng ñònh ( ñoåi ñoäng töø trong meänh ñeà chính sang theå ngöôïc laïi).
Ex: 1/ If it doesn't rain , I will go to the movies.
 Unless it rains , I will go to the movies.
2/ If I have money , I will buy a motorcycle.
• Unless I have money , I will not buy a motorcycle.
+ Provided ( that ) , On condition ( that ) , As long as , So long as ( mieãn laø , vôùi ñieàu kieän laø ) ; suppose , supposing ( giaû söû nhö ) , In case ( trong tröôøng hôïp ), Even if ( ngay caû khi , duø cho ) …… coù theå duøng thay cho If trong caâu ñieàu kieän.
Ex : In case I forget , please remind me of my promise.
Chapter 7: RELATIVE PRONOUNS
(MEÄNH ÑEÀ QUAN HEÄ VÔÙI )
ADJECTIVE CLAUSE - Meänh ñeà tính ngöõ hay RELATIVE PRONOUNS - Ñaïi töø quan heä
CAÙCH DUØNG CAÙC RELATIVE PRONOUNS

SUBJECT
(Chuû töø)
OBJECT
(Tuùc töø)
POSSESSION
(Sôû höõu)
FOR PERSONS
(Ngöôøi)
WHO(that)
WHOM(that)
WHOSE
THINGS,
ANIMALS
(Vaät, con vaät)
WHICH (that)
WHICH(that)
WHOSE
(OF WHICH)
1. WHO:
Thay theá cho danh töø hoaëc cuïm danh töø chæ ngöôøi vaø laøm chuû töø trong caâu phía sau:
Ví duï 1: (Ñaây laø ngöôøi ñaøn oâng . Ngöôøi ñaøn oâng laø thaày cuûa toâi)
This is a man. The man is my teacher. This is the man WHO is my teacher.
Ví duï 2: (Ngöôøi ñaøn oâng maø ñeán ñaây hoâm qu laø thaày cuûa toâi.)
The man WHO came here yesterday is my teacher.
2. WHOM:
Thay theá cho danh töø hoaëc cuïm töø chæ cgöôøi vaø laøm tuùc töø trong caâu phía sau:
Ví duï 1: (Ñaây laø ngöôøi ñaøn oâng . Baïn gaëp oâng aáy hoâm qua)
This is a man. You met him yesterday. This is the man WHOM you met yesterday.
Ví duï 2:
The man is my father. You saw the man yesterday. The man WHOM you saw yesterday is my father.
3. WHICH:
Thay theá cho danh töø chæ thuù vaät , söï vieäc, vaät vaø laøm chuû töø laãn tuùc töø trong caâu phía sau.
Ví duï 1:
This is a dog. The dog is very big. This is the dog WHICH is very big.
Ví duï 2:
The dog is very big. The dog stands at the front gate. The dog WHICH stands at the front gate is very big.
Ví duï 3:
This is a book . You gave me the book yesterday. This is the book WHICH you gave me yesterday.
4. WHOSE:
Thay theá cho Tính Töø Sôû Höõu. (MY, YOUR, HER, HIS, OUR, THEIR) maø ñöùng tröôùc danh töø chæ ngöôøi , vaät, söï vieäc
Whose luoân luoân ñi keøm vôùi 1 Danh Töø
Chuù yù: WHOSE VAØ OF WHICH:
Theo vaên phaïm coå, thì WHOSE chæ söï sôû höõu duøng cho ngöôøi coøn OF WHICH thay cho thuù vaät, vaät, söï vieäc.
Ví duï 1: (Ngöôøi ñaøn oâng laø thaày cuûa toâi. Con gaùi cuûa oâng aáy laø 1 hoïc sinh toát)
The man is my teacher. His daughter is a good student.
The man WHOSE daughter is a good student is my teacher.
(Ngöôøi ñaøn oâng maø con gaùi cuûa oâng aáy laø 1 hoïc sinh toát laø thaày cuûa toâi)
Ví duï 2:
The man is a teacher . I like his daughter very much. The man WHOSE daughter I like very much is a teacher.
Ví duï 3:
The table will be repaired. The legs of the table are broken. The table the legs of which are broken will be repaired.
5. THAT
A. Nhìn chung ta coù theå duøng THAT ñeå thay theá cho WHO, WHOM, WHICH
B. Khoâng ñöôïc duøng THAT trong caùc tröôøng hôïp sau:
1. Sau 1 giôùi töø:
Ex: The dog is very big and angry . I gave a bone to it.  The dog to which I gave a bone is a very big and angry.
Chuù yù:
Neáu muoán duøng "THAT" thì ta ñem giôùi töø ra phía sau
2. Trong meänh ñeà khoâng giôùi haïn: NON-RESTRICTIVE CLAUSE
C. Baét buoäc duøng THAT:
Sau 1 tieàn trí töø hoãn hôïp : (ngöôøi vaät laãn loän)
(MIXED ANTECEDENT)
Ex: The old man and two dogs made much noise . They passed my house yesterday.
The old man and two dogs that passed my house yesterday made much noise.
Sau 1 tính töø cöïc caáp (so saùnh baäc nhaát = SUPERLATIVE)
Trong caâu thöôøng coù THE BEST vaø THE MOST.
Ex: This is the most beautiful dress that I have.
-Sau caùc töø sau:
ALL, EVERY, VERY, ONLY, FIRST, LAST, MUCH, LITTLE, SOME, ANY, NO …
Ex1: He reads every book that he can borrow.
Ex 2 : You are only person that can help me.
Sau "IT + BE + …THAT = chính laø"
Ex: It is my friend that wrote this sentence.
Sau Ñaïi Töø Nghi Vaán (INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS)
WHO vaø WHAT?
Ex 1: Who is she that you say hello?
Ex 2 : What is it that makes tou sad?
RESTRICTIVE CLAUSE = DEFINING CLAUSE (Meänh ñeà giôùi haïn)
Moät meänh ñeà tính ngöõ goïi laø giôùi haïn khi naøo noù caàn thieát cho yù nghóa cuûa caû caâu. . Neáu boû noù ñi thì caâu seõ khoâng ñaày ñuû yù nghóa.
Chuù yù trong tröôøng hôïp naøy giöõa meänh ñeà chính vaø meänh ñeà tính ngöõ khoâng coù daáu phaåy (,)
Ex: The book waas interesting . I bought it yesterday.
The book which I bought yesterday was interesting.
NON-RESTRICTIVE CLAUSE = NON - DEFINING CLAUSE (Meänh ñeà khoâng giôùi haïn)
Meänh ñeà tínhngöõ khoâng giôùi haïn laø meänh ñeà khoâng caàn thieát cho caâu . Neáu boû noù ñi thì meänh ñeà chính vaãn coøn ñuû yù nghóa . Noù chæ theâm vaøo meänh ñeà chính 1 ít chi tieát maø thoâi.
Chuù yù: Giöõa meänh ñeà chính vaø meänh ñeà khoâng giôùi haïn coù daáu phaåy (,)
Ex 1: Ñan Tröôøng is a famous singer. I admire him very much .
Ñan Tröôøng, whom I admire very much, is a famous singer.
Ex2: His sister lives in Paris . She speaks French. His sister, who speaks French, lives in Paris.
Chuù yù: Thöôøng ta duøng daáu phaåy (,) sau:
• Danh töø rieâng.
• Tính töø sôû höõu : my, your, his, her, our, their
• Khoâng duøng THAT trong meänh ñeà khoâng giôùi haïn.
@ NOTES:
I/ Combination:
• Tìm töø töông ñoàng ( caâu I: tìm danh töø thöôøng ñöùng tröôùc ñoäng töø hoaëc cuoái caâu, caâu II danht töø hoaëc caùc töø thuoäc ngoâi thöù 3 “he, she, it , they…”
• Vieát caâu I cho ñeán danh töø, theâm vaøo DTQH
• Vieát töø ñaàu caâu II, boû töø gioáng nhau trong caâu II, vieát tieáp caâu I (neáu coøn)
Ex: The man was friendly. He took me to the airport.
-> The man who took me to the airport was friendly.
Ex: You should get a dictionary. You can look up these difficult words in it.
-> You should get a dictionary which / that you can look up these difficult words in.
II/ Reduction of adjective clause
1/ Noun + Wh + Verb -> Noun +V-Ing
Ex: The man who took me to the airport was friendly. -> The man taking me to the airport was friendly.
2/ The + first, last, next + Noun + Wh + Verb -> Noun +To-Inf
Ex: The first man who left the ship is my father. -> The first man to leave the ship is my father.
3/ Noun + Wh + To Be + P.P -> Noun +P.P
Ex: Have you read the plays which were written by Shakespeare?
-> Have you read the plays written by Shakespeare?
4/ Noun + Wh +S + Verb -> Noun +To- Inf
Ex: You should get a dictionary which / that you can look up these difficult words in.
-> You should get a dictionary to look up these difficult words in.
III/ Multiple choice
1/ Noun of person + Who + verb / Whom + S + Verb / Whose + Noun
2/ Noun of thing + Which + Verb / S + Verb
3/ Noun of place + Where + S + Verb ( Note of the use of which and where)
4/ Noun of time + When + S + Verb
5/ Noun of reason + Why + S + Verb
• “That” = “who, whom, which” ( Neáu caâu coù daáu phaåy hoaëc coù giôùi töø khoâng ñöôïc duøng “that”)
• Prep + Which / whom
Chapter 8: BECAUSE / SINCE / AS/ BECAUSE OF
°BECAUSE / SINCE / AS + MEÄNH ÑEÀ
°BECAUSE OF+ Danh töø
Ngöõ danh töø
V_ING
Ex: She absents because she has a headache OR Because of her headache, she absents
Clause Of Reason (Cause): Because , As , Since…
+ Because Of + Noun Phrase = Because + Clause( gioáng nhö “Although & in spite of”)
+ So, So ………That, If, To Inf…
+ S + Stop / Prevent + O + From + V-ing = Because of
Ex: The teacher is sick, so we have no class tomorrow. (because)
-> Because the teacher is sick. We have no class tomorrow.
Ex: That restaurant is so dirty that nobody wants to eat there. (because)
-> Because that restaurant is dirty, nobody wants to eat there.
Ex: She went to the post office to send a letter.
-> Because she wanted to send a letter, she went to the post office.
Ex: The fog prevented us from going out.
• Because of the fog, we didn't / couldn't go out.
Chapter 9: THOUGH / ALTHOUGH / EVEN THOUGH
I/ Clause Of Concession: Though, Although, Even Though, Even If………
+ But , Despite , In Spite Of ( Ad*Structure:
° Although
Though + clause 1, clause 2
Even though

° In spite of + phrase , clause
Despite N
V_ ing
*Usage: Chuùng ta coù theå noái hai meänh ñeà vôùi ” although, though, even though, in spite of,despite” Ñeå dieãn taû 2 yù töông phaûn
°Chuùng ta coù theå söû duïng” IN SPITE OF THE FACT THAT/ DESPITE THE FACT THAT” thay cho ” although, though, even though”
j + Noun , V-Ing , Possessive + Noun, The + Noun)
+ Whatever ( Adj/ Object, Subject), However, Adj + As + S + V.
a/ S1 + V …………But + S2 + V……………
-> S1 + V +……….., S2 + V ……………..
Ex: They live in poverty but they don't feel unhappy. ( although)
-> They live in poverty, they don't feel unhappy.
b/ Although +S1 + V ………… + S2 + V…………… ( S1 = S2 )
-> In spite of + Ving +……….., S2 + V ……………..
Ex: Although Bill took a taxi, he still came late for the meeting. ( although)
-> In spite of taking a taxi, Bill still came late for the meeting.
c/ Although +NOUN + BE+ ADJ ………… + S2 + V…………… ( “Noun” chæ vaät)
-> In spite of + ADJ + NOUN +……….., S2 + V ……………..
Ex: Although the weather was bad, the flight wasn't cancelled. ( although)
-> In spite of the bad weather, the flight wasn't cancelled.
c/ Although +S + BE+ ADJ ………… + S2 + V…………… ( “S” chæ ngöôøi)
-> In spite of + Possessive adj / possessive case + NOUN +……….., S2 + V …………
Ex: Although he was ill, he still went to work. ( although)
-> In spite of his illness, he still went to work.
d/ Although +IT + BE+ ADJ ………… + S2 + V……………
-> In spite of + THE + NOUN +……….., S2 + V …………( “Noun”chò thôøi tieát )
* Noun + Y = Adj ( fog, rain, storm, sun, cloud, snow, wind, )
Ex: Although it was foggy, the flight was not delayed. ( although)
-> In spite of the fog, the flight was not delayed.
e/ Although + S + V + NOUN …..= Whatever + NOUN + S + V,
Ex: We must study well though we have any kinds of difficulties. ( whatever)
-> Whatever ( kinds of ) difficulties we have, we must study well .
f/ Whatever + NOUN + S + V = No Matter What + NOUN + S + V,
Ex: No matter what experience he has , he can't repair that machine.
-> Whatever experience he has , he can't repair that machine.
Chapter 10: WORD FORMS
I/Noun: DANH TÖØ
-V+er/orN(ngheà nghieäp,ngöôøi…) Ex:teacher,doctor…
-Adj/N+domN Ex:freedom,wisdom,kingdom…x
-V+ingN(coâng vieäc…) Ex:walking,riding…
-Adj+nessN(tröøu töôïng…) Ex:kindness,sweetness,…
-V+ionN Ex:decision
-N+shipN(tröøu töôïng…) Ex:friendship…
-Adj+thN Ex:length,truth
-Adj+tyN Ex:beauty,cruelty…
II/Adjective: TÍNH TÖØ
-A+Vadj Ex:asleep,alive…
-Un/in+adjadj(neg_meaning) Ex:unhappy,inactive
-V+edadj Ex:learned,pleased…
-N+enadj(chaát lieäu) Ex:golden,wooden…
-N+ernadj(chæ phöông höôùng) Ex:southern,northern…
-N+fuladj Ex:beautiful,halpful…
-N+ishadj(hôi hôi,coù veõ) Ex:blackish,childish…
-N+likeadj(coù veõ,gioáng nhö…) Ex:dreanmlike,fairylike…
-N+lyadj Ex:friendly,lovely…
-N/adj+someadj(chæ tính caùch) Ex:handsome,quarrelsome…
-N+yadj(chæ thôøi tieát) Ex:sunny,rainy…
III/Adverb TRAÏNG TÖØ
-adj+lyadv of manner(slowly, beautifully..)
*Note: -Caùc töø:friendly,lovely,lonely,likely,homely…khoâng coù hình thöùc traïng töøta coù theå thay theá baèng 1 traïng töø töông ñöông
Ex:likely(döôøng nhö)=probadly (coù leõ)
Friendly(thaân maät)=in a friendly way(moät caùch thaân maät) Lovely(ñaùng yeâu)=in a lovely way(1 caùch ñaùng yeâu)
-far/fast/hard( adj /adv)
Chapter 11: PREPOSITIONS
(GIỚI TÖØ)
NHOÙM TÍNH TÖØ ÑI VÔÙI GIÔÙI TÖØ:
1. Be out = ñi ra ngoaøi, ñi vaéng 23. Be absent from = vaéng maët
2. Be afraid of = sôï 24. Be amazed at = ngaïc nhieân
3. Be amused at = vui 25. Be angry at (sth) = giaän veà vieäc gì
4. Be angry with (sb) = giaän ai 26. Be aware of = nhaän thöùc ñöôïc
5. Be bored with = buoàn, chaùn naûn 27. Be compared with = so vôùi
6. Be convenient for = thuaän tieän cho ai 28. Be covered with = bò che phuû
7. Be crowded with = ñoâng ñuùc vôùi 29. Be cruel to = ñoäc aùc vôùi
8. Be delighted at = vui thích 30. Be different from = khaùc vôùi
9. Be excited about = haøo höùng 31. Be familiar with = quen vôùi
10. Be famous for = noåi tieáng veà 32. Be far from = xa vôùi
11. Be fond of = thích 33. Be full of = no, ñaày
12. Be good at = gioûi moân gì 34. Be good for = toát cho
13. Be interesting in = thích 35. Be kind to = toát vôùi ai
14. Be looking forward to = troâng chôø 36. Be made from = ñöôïc sx khoâng thay ñoåi chaát lieäu
15. Be made in = ñöôïc sx taïi ñaâu 37. Be made of = ñöôïc sx thay ñoåi chaát lieäu
16. Be nice to = toát vôùi ai 38. Be pleased with = haøi loøng vôùi
17. Be polite to = leã pheùp 39. Be presented with = ñöôïc trao taëng vôùi
18. Be proud of = töï haøo veà 40. Be satisfied with = thoaû maõn
19. Be scared of = e deø, sôï 41. Be similar to = töông töï vôùi
20. Be sure of = chaéc chaén 42. Be surprised at = ngaïc nhieân
21. Be tired of = meät moûi, chaùn 43. Be useful for =höõu duïng ñeå
22. Be worried about = lo laéng veà 44. Bewrong with = sai vôùi
NHOÙM ÑOÄNG TÖØ ÑI KEØM GIÔÙI TÖØ
1. add sth to sth : them cái gì vào cái gì agree with = ñoàng yù vôùi
2. amount of = soá löôïng lôùn arrive at + nôi choán = ñeán (nôi nhoû, khoâng teân)
3. arrive in + ñòa danh = ñeán (nôi lôùn coù teân rieâng) ask for = xin
4. be on = chieáu phim base on = döïa vaøo
5. believe in = tin töôûng borrow sth from = möôïn töø ai
6. bring back = mang trôû laïi buy sth for someone = mua caùi gì cho ai
7. change something into something = ñoåi caùi gì thaønh caùi gì check in = ñaêng kí
8. check up = kieåm tra, khaùm clear up = laøm saïch, doïn saïch
9. compare with = so saùnh vôùi complain about = than phieàn veà
10. cook meals for someone = naáu böõa aên cho ai cut down = ñoán xuoáng
11. depend on = phuï thuoäc vaøo devide into = phaân chia thaønh
12. devote to = coáng hieán cho die for = cheát vì (ai)
13. die of = cheát vì (beänh) end up = chaám döùt, keát thuùc
14. even up = san baèng fall down = rôi xuoáng