Reported speech (Câu tường thuật)
A. THEORY (LÝ THUYẾT): Câu tường thuật (Reported speech) = Câu Gián Tiếp là một loại câu trong
thường dùng để diễn đạt thông tin, lời nói hoặc suy nghĩ của ai đó một cách gián tiếp thông qua việc trích
dẫn lại những gì người đó đã nói mà không sử dụng các dấu ngoặc kép như trong câu trực tiếp. 
Thay đổi về ngôi
- Đổi Ngôi thứ nhất (I,we, me , us , my , our , mine , ours) phù hợp với Chủ ngữ trong mệnh đề chính
- Đổi Ngôi thứ hai (you , your , your) phù hợp với Tân ngữ trong mệnh đề chính
- Ngôi thứ BA (he, she , it , him, her , his, they, them, their) => không đổi
Câu Trực Tiếp:
Câu Gián Tiếp, Câu Tường Thuật:
“Direct”
Reported / Indrected
* Chủ Ngữ:
I
He / She
You (thường đứng đầu câu và trước V)
He / She
We
They / We
They
They
* Tân Ngữ:
me
him / her
you (thường đứng giữa câu, sau V)
him / her
us
them / us
Them
them
* Tính Từ Sỡ Hữu...
My
his / her
your
his / her
our
their / our
their
their
Thay đổi về THÌ (LÙI THÌ)
DIRECT ( Trực tiếp – câu gốc)
INDIRECT (Gián tiếp – câu biến đổi)
1. Hiện tại đơn
=> Quá khứ đơn
V/ Vs/ Ves / am / is / are / don't + V1 / doesn't V1
V2 / Ved / was / were / didn't + V
2. Hiện tại tiếp diễn
=> Quá khứ tiếp diễn
am / is / are + V-ing
was / were + V-ing
3. Hiện tại hoàn thành
=> Quá khứ hoàn thành
have / has + V3/ed
had + V3/ed
4. Quá khứ đơn
=> Quá khứ hoàn thành
was / were / V2 / ved
had + V3/ed
6. Tương lai đơn
=> Tương lai trong quá khứ
will + V
would + V
7. can
=> could
8. may
=> might
9. must / need
=> had to
F Thì QKHT , ought to, could , should, might, used to, would rather, had better… => giữ nguyên

Thay đổi về trạng ngữ
DIRECT ( Trực tiếp – câu gốc)
now
here
ago
today
this
these
yesterday
last….
tomorrow
next…

INDIRECT (Gián tiếp – câu biến đổi)
=> then
=> there
=> before
=> that day
=> that
=> those
=> the day before/ the previous day
=> the….before/ the previous….
=> the next day/ the following day
=> the next…./ the following….

Thay đổi về cấu trúc
a. Câu mệnh lệnh, câu đề nghị, nhờ vả giúp đỡ
+ Câu mệnh lệnh khẳng định có dạng:
S + asked/ told/ said to + O: “Vo…….!”

Đề
cho

 S + asked/ told + O + (not) + to +V(inf)...
Ex 1: “Don't make noise here”, Lan said to Hoa.
Ex 2: “Keep silent, please”, He said to her.

 Lan asked Hoa not to make noise there.
 He told her to keep silent.

+ Câu mệnh lệnh phủ định có dạng:
S + asked/ told/ said to + O: “Don't + Vo…!”

Đề
cho

 S + asked / told + O + not + to + Vo
Ex: “Don't talk in the class”, The teacher said to the students.
 The teacher asked the student not to talk in class

b. Câu trần thuật : (Câu khẳng định, phủ định)
S + said/ told O : “ S2 + V”

Đề
cho

=> S + said that/ told O that + S2 + Vlùi thì
Note: said to → told
Ex 1:

Ex 2:


Tom said, “I want to visit my friend this weekend.”
Tom said (that) he wanted to visit his friends that weekend
She said to me, “I am going to Dalat next summer.”
She told me (that) she was going to Da Lat the next summer

c. Câu hỏi
 Yes – No question:
S + asked + (O)

Đề
: “Do/ Does/ Did/ Will/ Can…. + S2 + Vo?” cho
: “Am/ Is/ Are/ Was/ Were + S …?”

asked + (O)
 S + wanted to know + if/whether + S + V(lùi thì)
Ex 1: He asked: “Have you ever been to Japan, Mary?”
 He asked Mary if Mary had ever been to Japan

Ex 2: “Did you go out last night, Tan?” I asked
 I asked Tan if Tan went out the night before
 W- H question:
S + asked + (O) : “WH + Do/ does/ did… + S + Vo?”
: “WH + am/ is/ are/ was/ were + S….?”
 S+
Ex 1:

Ex 2:


asked + (O)
wanted to know +

Đề
cho

what/when/why + S + V(lùi thì)

“How long are you waiting for the bus?” he asked me.
He asked me how long I was waiting for the bus.
“What time is it now, Peter”
She asked Peter What time it was then.

 EXERCISE (BÀI TẬP)
Choose the word or phrase among A, B, C or D that best fits the blank space in the following passage.
1. John asked the teacher__________ in Spanish.
A. what does this word mean
B. what that word means
C. what did this word mean
D. what that word meant
2. He said he__________ at the Daewoo Hotel.
A. is staying
B. has stayed
C. was staying
D. will stay
3. She asked me__________ I liked country music.
A. if
B. whether
C. that
D.A& B
4. The students asked if I was going to give them the tests __________.
A. the next day
B. next day
C. day next
D. the day next
5. Joe asked me how long I__________ a teacher of Chemistry at that school.
A. the next day
B. next day
C. day next
D. the day next
6. He asked me with whom I__________ French.
A. studied
B. study
C.am studying
D. have studied
7. John asked me__________ fond of any kind of sports.
A. if I am
B. if I was
C. if was I
D. if I were
8. She________ me whether I liked French fries.
A. ask
B. asks
C. asked
D. asking
9. “________ off the television”, he said.
A. Please turn
B. Please to turn
C. Turned please
D. Please, turning
11. He asked the children ________ the electric sockets.
A. not touching
B. not to touch
C. if they don't touch
D. don't touch
12. David asked me who ________ the writer of that book.
A. was
B. were
C. is
D. has been
13. He wants to know whether I ________ back to Hoi An the next day.
A. come
B. came
C. will come
D. would come
14. Laura wanted to know________ shopping the previous afternoon.
A. if we had been going B. that if we had been going
C. we were going
D. that we were going
15. Lucy asked me why I had not gone to Paris________.
A. the summer before
B. summer ago
C. the next summer
D. last summer

16. Charlie ________ that his father was in hospital.
A. told me
B. told to me
C. said me
D. asked me
17. They asked me how many students________.
A. I taught
B. I teach
C. I did teach
D. did I teach
19. He told me __________ him up at six o'clock.
A. please pick
B. to pick
C. should pick
D. I can pick
20. The woman asked________ catch a bus to school.
A. can the children
B. if the children can
C. whether the children could
D. could the children
Rewrite each of the following sentences in another way so that it means almost the same as the
sentence printed before it.
Reported statements
1. She said, “I went to the cinema yesterday.”
 She said __________________________________________________________________
2. He said, “I am writing a test tomorrow.”
 He said___________________________________________________________________
3. You said, “I will do this for him.”
 You said _________________________________________________________________
4. She said, “I am not hungry now.”
 She said __________________________________________________________________
5. They said, “We have never been here before.”
 They said_________________________________________________________________
6. “If I were you, I wouldn't come here,” Lan said.
 Lan said _________________________________________________________________
7. Mary said “I wish I were a boy.”
 Mary said ________________________________________________________________
8. He said “I was born in 2000.”
 He said __________________________________________________________________
9. My teacher said “the sun rises in the East”.
 My teacher said ___________________________________________________________
10. “You had better not contact her,” Tom said to me
 Tom said to me____________________________________________________________
11. “I am happy to see you,” Aunt Xuan said.
 Aunt Xuan said____________________________________________________________
12. “This birthday cake is delicious,” Uncle Hung said.
 Uncle Hung said ___________________________________________________________
13. “I love these roses,” Miss Nga said.
 Miss Nga said _____________________________________________________________
14. “I'm having a wonderful time before.” Cousin Mai said.
 Cousin Mai said ___________________________________________________________
15. “I must leave now,” Mr Thanh said.
 Mr Thanh said ____________________________________________________________
16. “My son spends too much time playing computer games”, Mr. Nam said.
 Mr. Nam said _____________________________________________________________
17. “She is working in the garden”, she said.
 She said __________________________________________________________________
18. “I'll do my homework”, my sister said.
 My sister said_____________________________________________________________

19. “You should stay at home”, my mother said.
 My mother said ___________________________________________________________
20. Hoang said “I often learn new words in the evening.”
 Hoang said _______________________________________________________________
21. “I won't see you tomorrow”, Nga said.
 Nga said _________________________________________________________________
22. Mr. Hung said, “I don't like chocolate.”
 Mr. Hung said ____________________________________________________________
23. “I can help you” she said.
 She said __________________________________________________________________
24. “I can't go to the movies with you, John”, Mary said.
 Mary told ________________________________________________________________
25. “I am waiting for the bus here”, she said.
 She said __________________________________________________________________
26. “I don't know how to do this exercise”, she said.
 She said __________________________________________________________________
27. “I will come to your birthday party”, Phong said.
 Phong said _______________________________________________________________
28. “I can cook well”, my sister said.
 My sister said _____________________________________________________________
29. “I'm listening to music now”, Hung said.
 Hung said ________________________________________________________________
30. “I want my room to look nice on my birthday”, Hoa said.
 Hoa said Reported questions_________________________________________________

Reported questions
1. What is your name?
 She asked ________________________________________________________________
2. How many children do you have?
 They asked _______________________________________________________________
3. What exam will you take?
 I asked __________________________________________________________________
4. Where is he from?
 I asked __________________________________________________________________
5. She asked me, “How old are you now?"
 She asked ________________________________________________________________
6. John said, "How long does it take you to get to London, Mary?"
 John asked _______________________________________________________________
7. The policeman asked the little girl, "What's your name?"
 The policeman ____________________________________________________________
8. He said, “Where can I find her in this town?"
 He asked _________________________________________________________________
9. Are you willing to work on Saturdays?
 He asked me ______________________________________________________________
10. Paul said, "Can you swim, Mary?"
 Pauld asked ______________________________________________________________
11. “Where is my umbrella?” she asked.
 She asked ________________________________________________________________

12. “How are you?” Martin asked us.
 Martin asked _____________________________________________________________
13. He asked, “Do I have to do it?”
 He asked _________________________________________________________________
14. “Where have you been?” the mother asked her daughter.
 The mother asked _________________________________________________________
15. “Which dress do you like best?” she asked her boyfriend.
 She asked ________________________________________________________________
16. “What are they doing?” she asked.
 She wanted to _____________________________________________________________
17. “Are you going to the cinema?” he asked me.
 He wanted to _____________________________________________________________
18. The teacher asked, “Who speaks English?”
 The teacher wanted to ______________________________________________________
19. “How do you know that?” she asked me.
 She asked ________________________________________________________________
20. “Has Caron talked to Kevin?” my friend asked me.
 My friend asked ___________________________________________________________
Reported commands and requests
1. She said, “Go upstairs.”
 She told me _______________________________________________________________
2. “Close the door behind you,” he told me.
 He told me _______________________________________________________________
3. “Stop staring at me,” she said.
 She told him ______________________________________________________________
4. “Don't be angry with me,” he said.
 He asked her _____________________________________________________________
5. “Leave me alone,” she said.
 She told me _______________________________________________________________
6. “Don't worry about us,” they said.
 They told her _____________________________________________________________
7. “Meet me at the cinema,” he said.
 He asked me ______________________________________________________________
8. “Go to the dentist this afternoon.” Tina told me.
 Tina told me ______________________________________________________________
9. “Don't sit on my chair.” Barbara said to John.
 Barbara told ______________________________________________________________
10. “Would you mind making some bread for me?” Henry asked me.
 Henry asked me ___________________________________________________________
11. “Do you mind not shouting at the old man?” the girl asked me.
 The girl asked me _________________________________________________________
12. “Brush your teeth at least twice a day.” the dentist told Jim.
 The dentist told Jim _______________________________________________________
13. “Could you give me a lift to the airport tomorrow?” Sane told her brother Sano asked brother ________________________________________________________
14. “Don't be rude to your parents.” Mr Hole said to Chris.
 Mr Hole told Chris ________________________________________________________

15. “Can you type this document for me now?" the manager asked his secretary.
 The manager asked his secretary _____________________________________________

The passive voice (Thể bị động)
 THEORY (LÝ THUYẾT)
Câu bị động ở các thì
Chuyển đổi từ câu chủ động sang câu bị động
Active : Subject
+
Verb
+
Object

Passive : Subject

+

Verb
+ by Object
(tobe + V-ed/ V3)
Các bước chuyển từ câu chủ động sang câu bị động
 Bước 1: Xác định tân ngữ trong câu chủ động, chuyển thành chủ ngữ câu bị động.
 Bước 2: Xác định thì (tense) trong câu chủ động rồi chuyển động từ về thể bị động theo công thức
(tobe + V-ed/ V3).
 Bước 3: Chuyển đổi chủ ngữ trong câu chủ động thành tân ngữ thêm “by” phía trước.
Bảng quy đổi các thì ở thể bị động
Tenses
Passive (Bị động)
1. Simple Present
S + be + V3/ed + by + O
2. Present Continuous
S + am/is/are + being + V3/ed + by + O
3. Present Perfect
S + has/have + been + V3/ed + by + O
4. Simple Past
S + was/were + V3/ed + by + O
5. Past Continuous
S + was/were + being + V3/ed + by + O
6. Simple Future
S + will + be + V3/ed + by + O
7. Be + going to
S + am/is/are + going to + be + V3/ed + by + O
8. Modal Verbs
S + modal verb + be + V3/ed + by + O
Note
- Trạng từ chỉ nơi chốn đứng trước by + O
- Trạng từ chỉ thời gian đứng sau by + O
E.g: He was showed to the cinema by an old man
 He was showed to the cinema by an old man yesterday
- Nếu chủ ngữ trong câu chủ động là từ phủ định thì đổi sang câu bị động phủ định.
E.g: Nobody likes him
 He isn't liked
- Các chủ từ Someone, Anyone, People, He, She, We, You, I, They …trong câu chủ động thì có thể bỏ
“by + O” trong câu bị động
E.g: We grew rice last year

 Rice was grown (by us) last year
Câu bị động với động từ chỉ sự nhờ vả, sai khiến
Chủ động:
The teacher made his students do all the homework.
make + O + V1
MAKE
Bị động:
The students were made to do all the homework by the
be + made + TO_V
teacher.
Chủ động:
They had the mechanic repair their car.
have + O (người) + V1
HAVE
Bị động:
They had the car repaired by the mechanic.
have + O (vật) + V3/ed
Chủ động:
They got the mechanic to repair their car.
get + O (người) + TO_V
GET
Bị động:
They got the car repaired by the mechanic.
get + O (vật) + V3/ed
Ex 1: Thomas has his son buy a cup of coffee.
 Thomas has a cup of coffee bought by his son.
Ex 2: Shally got her husband to clean the kitchen for her.
 Shally got the kitchen cleaned by her husband.
Ex 3: Suzy makes the hairdresser cut her hair.
 The hairdresser is made to cut the hair by Suzy.
It was said that…………………………
Eg: They said that he is a doctor
S1 V1
S2 V2
It was said that he is a doctor
They said that he is a doctor
S1 V1
S2 V2

He was said to be a doctor
Form: CĐ: S1 + said + that + S2 + V2(chia)
BĐ: It + was said + that + S2 + V2(chia)
S2 + was/ were + said + to + V2 đưa về nguyên thể

* Chú ý: Nếu vế 2 ở thì quá khứ đơn nếu chuyển sang câu bị động bằng cách 2 thì sau “ to” ta phải
cộng thêm “ have”, V2 ta chuyển thành PII.
They said that he was a doctor
S1 V1
S2 V2

He was said to have been a doctor
* Động từ 1 thường là những từ sau: say( said), think ( thought), believe ( believed), announce ( -ed),
…


EXERCISE (BÀI TẬP)

Rewrite each of the following sentences in another way so that it means almost the same as the
sentence printed before it.
Passive of tenses
1. I clean the floor every day.
 The floor _________________________________________________________________
2. My mother bought this dress this morning.
 This dress ________________________________________________________________
3. She did this exercise two days ago.
 This exercise______________________________________________________________
4. They will send him abroad to study.
 He ______________________________________________________________________
5. She used this room.
 This room ________________________________________________________________
6. Someone stole my bike yesterday.
 My bike __________________________________________________________________
7. He received a letter from his parents.
 A letter __________________________________________________________________
8. She will buy a new house.
 A new house ______________________________________________________________
9. They aren't building my house.
 My house ________________________________________________________________
10. He could solve the math problem easily.
 The math problem _________________________________________________________
11. My mother waters these flowers every morning.
 These flowers _____________________________________________________________
12. Nam invited Hoa to his birthday party last night.
 Hoe was _________________________________________________________________
13. Her mother is preparing the dinner in the kitchen.
 The dinner _______________________________________________________________
14. We should clean our teeth twice a day.
 Our teeth ________________________________________________________________
15. Our teacher has explained the problem carefully.
 The problem ______________________________________________________________
16. They are going to buy this house.
 This house _______________________________________________________________
17. He will visit his parents next month.
 His parents _______________________________________________________________
18. The director didn't phone the secretary this morning.
 The secretary _____________________________________________________________
19. Nam broke the window yesterday morning.
 The window ______________________________________________________________
20. They were doing the test at 3 p.m yesterday.
 The test __________________________________________________________________
21. People speak French in many countries in Africa.
 French ___________________________________________________________________
22. They are constructing a new bridge over the river.

 A new bridge over the river _________________________________________________
23. Someone has stolen my cassette player.
 My cassette player _________________________________________________________
24. They built this school in 1930.
 This school _______________________________________________________________
25. When I came, they were preparing dinner.
 When I came, dinner ______________________________________________________
26. They offered him a suitable job.
 He ______________________________________________________________________
27. My mother bought me a new watch on my sixteenth birthday.
 I was ____________________________________________________________________
28. My mother bought a new watch for me on my sixteenth birthday.
 A new watch ______________________________________________________________
29. The bill included service.
 Service __________________________________________________________________
30. Robots will do housework in the future.
 Housework _______________________________________________________________

Causative active form
1. She told the police to catch the thief.
 She told __________________________________________________________________
2. We shall ask John to give you this book.
 We shall ask ______________________________________________________________
3. He had a mechanic repair his car engine.
 He had __________________________________________________________________
4. Mary often asks the postman to mail her letter.
 Mary often asked __________________________________________________________
5. I will ask the painter to paint my house soon.
 I will ask _________________________________________________________________
6. Mr. Green has told the electrician to repair his electric fan.
 Mr. Green has told ________________________________________________________
7. Alice is going to tell the manicurist to manicure her nails next Sunday.
 Alice is going to tell ________________________________________________________
8. The actress will ask the photographer to take some photos.
 The actress will ask ________________________________________________________
9. Mr. Pikes asked his students to cut their hair every month.
 Mr. Pikes asked ___________________________________________________________
10. We must tell the painter to paint our room soon.
 We must tell ______________________________________________________________

Causative passive form
1. The mother has had her daughter make a dress.
 The mother _______________________________________________________________
2. Did you have anyone paint the chair?
 Did you __________________________________________________________________

3. The boss has had the servant wash his car.
 The boss _________________________________________________________________
4. We have a carpenter make a desk.
 We ______________________________________________________________________
5. Mrs. Green had had May feed the cat.
 Mrs. Green had ___________________________________________________________
6. Stepmother had Cinderella separate the rice from the husk.
 Stepmother_______________________________________________________________
7. Please have someone carry my luggage to the airport.
 Please ___________________________________________________________________
8. Mr. Kim is going to have a tailor make a new shirt.
 Mr. Kim is _______________________________________________________________
9. She is going to have the shoe-repairman mend her shoes.
 She is ____________________________________________________________________
10. Mrs. Smith is going to have an eye specialist examine her eyes.
 Mrs. Smith is __________________________________________________________
11. They said that I am a teacher.
→ It………………………………./ I was………………………………………………………….
12. People said that Nam killed his wife.--> It……………………………………………………….
→ Nam …………………………………………………………………………………………...
13. They said that she stole my bike.--> It…………………………………………………………...
→ She……………………………………………………………………………………………….
14. They said that Maria sold her car.--> It …………………………………………………………
→ Maria……………………………………………………………………………………………..
15. People thought that she is a robber.--> It…………………………………………………………
→ She……………………………………………………………………………………………….
16. They announced that I am a millionaire.--> It……………………………………………………
→ I…………………………………………………………………………………………………..
17. They believed that he saved me. → It…………………………………………………………
→ He………………………………………………………………………………………………..
18. They said that she has just repainted her car. → It……………………………………………….
→ She……………………………………………………………………………………………….
Choose the word or phrase among A, B, C or D that best fits the blank space in the following passage.
1. This house ________ in 1990 by my grandfather.
A. is built
B. was built
C. built
D. has built
2. My sister is going ________ this house.
A. sold
B. sell
C. to be sold
D. to sell
3. There's a man behind us. I think we are ___________.
A. being followed
B. be followed
C. followed
D. following
4. Over 1.000 new houses _________ every year. Last year, 1.200 new houses ________.
A. were built / were built
B. are built / were built
C. are building / were built
D. were built / were being built
5. The next exam __________ in May.
A. will hold
B. will be held
C. will be holding
D. will have held
6. English is _________ all over the world.

A. spoken
B. speak
C. speaks
D. to speak
7. Have you _________ by a dog?
A. ever bite
B. ever bitten
C. ever been bitten
D. ever been bite
8. The house _________ since last week.
A. bought
B. has bought
C. was bought
D. has been bought
9. The homework _________ by Nam every day.
A. is done
B. does
C. are done
D. did
10. These exercise must __________ by my students.
A. are finished
B. finish
C. be finished
D. finishing
11. The photos in a Washington studio_________ last week.
A. took
B. have taken
C. was taken
D. were taken
12. The robbers_________ by the police since
A. have arrested
B. have been arrested
C. was arrested
D. had arrested
13. Dynamite_________ by Alfred Bernhard Nobel in the1860s.
A. had been invented B. invented
C. was invented
D. was being invented
14. This exercise may_________ with a blue-ink pen.
A. be written
B. be to write
C. be writing
D. write
15. Last night a tornado swept through Rockville. It_________ everything in its path.
A. destroyed
B. was destroyed
C. was being destroyed
D. had been destroyed
16. When the little boy_________ the car, he was badly injured.
A. hit
B. is hit by
C. wash it by
D. is hitting
17. Most forests in other climatic areas_________ by human beings.
A. had already been affected
B. have already been affecting
C. have already affected
D. have already been affected
18. The new highway_________ and built last year.
A. planned
B. had planned
C. was planning
D. was planned
19. _________ to you yet?
A. Have the comic been given back
B. Have the comic been give back
C. Have the comic been gave back
D. Have the comic being given back
20. As the patient could not walk, he_________ home in a wheelchair since this morning.
A. has carried
B. has been carried
C. was carried
D. was carrying

Exercise Passive Voice:
Change these sentences into Passive voice
1. They will finish their work next week.
_____________________________________________
2. The fire has caused considerable damage. _____________________________________________
3. The police were following the suspects. _____________________________________________
4. We're going to give David a pig surprise. _____________________________________________
5. Police were questioning Tom. _____________________________________________
6. I think Alfred Nobel invented dynamite. _____________________________________________
7. My father waters this flower every morning. _____________________________________________
8. John invited Fiona to his birthday party last night.
_____________________________________________
9. Her mother is preparing the dinner in the kitchen.
_____________________________________________
10. I had my nephew paint the gate last week. _____________________________________________
11. We should clean our teeth twice a day. _____________________________________________
12. Is Mr. Hung going to fix the desks this evening?
_____________________________________________
13. Our teachers have explained the English grammar.
_____________________________________________
14. Some drunk drivers caused the accident in this city.
_____________________________________________
15. Tom will visit his parents next month. _____________________________________________
16. The manager didn't phone the secretary this morning.
_____________________________________________
17. Did Mary this beautiful dress? _____________________________________________
18. I won't hang these old pictures in the living room.
_____________________________________________
19. The waiter brings me this dish. _____________________________________________
20. Our friends send these postcards to us. _____________________________________________
21. Their grandmother told them this story when they visited her last week.
_____________________________________________
22. Tim ordered this train ticket for his mother. _____________________________________________
23. You didn't show me the special cameras. _____________________________________________
24. Mr. Thompson and his son are playing table tennis at the moment.
_____________________________________________
25. She showed her ticket to the airline agent. _____________________________________________
26. He lends his friend his new shoes. _____________________________________________
27. His boss will hold a meeting. _____________________________________________
28. She left her relatives five million pounds. _____________________________________________
29. He doesn't buy the cooker. _____________________________________________
30. The shop assistant handed these boxes to the customer.
_____________________________________________
31. The board awarded the first prize to the reporter.

_____________________________________________
32. Have you sent the Christmas cards to your family?
_...